Reconfigurable and prioritizable wireless radio system for providing massive bandwidth to the sky using a limited number of frequencies and limited hardware

ABSTRACT

An air-to-ground communication system including: a plurality of ground stations, where each ground station includes a plurality of ground-based directional antennae having a beam width associated with a particular area of the sky above the ground station and for each ground-based directional antenna, a least one software defined radio coupled to the directional antenna to enable the ground-based directional antenna to transmit radio frequency signals generated by the software defined radio and to provide to the software defined radio frequency signals received by the ground-based directional antenna and a plurality of air stations, each including a number of air-based directional antennae and an air station control unit, each air-based directional antenna having a beam width associated with a particular area of the sky below the air station; for each air-based directional antenna, a least one software defined radio coupled to the air-based directional antenna in such a manner as enable the air-based directional antenna to transmit radio frequency signals generated by the software defined radio and to provide to the software defined radio frequency signals received by the air-based directional antenna; wherein the control unit of each air station is configured to enable bi-directional communications between each air-based directional antenna a ground-based directional antenna, at any given time, the ground-based directional antennas in communication with the air-based directional antenna are all from different ground stations.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/731,780 filed on 2019 Dec. 31. The contents of which are incorporatedby reference in their entirety.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

REFERENCE TO APPENDIX

Not applicable.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The inventions disclosed and taught herein relate generally to areconfigurable system for providing massive bandwidth to airplanes andother objects traveling through the sky.

Description of the Related Art

Attempts have been made to provide high bandwidth communications for thetransmission of data and internet signals to objects traveling throughthe sky, such as airplanes. To date, such systems have often requiredlarge and costly ground and air systems and have required theutilization of relatively complicated, expensive and burdensome systems.Additionally, such systems are typically unable to meet the bandwidthdemands of devices within airplanes. This may be exacerbated when thereare large numbers of devices on an airplane where each is trying toaccess the Internet and some, if not all, are attempting to transferlarge amounts of data over relatively short periods of time. In short,the current access to the Internet via airplanes over geographic areas,such as the United States, is quite slow and unsatisfactory to mostusers.

For example, U.S. Pat. No. 9,553,657, entitled “Multiple Antenna Systemand Method for Mobile Platforms” discloses a method and system tofacilitate communication between a constellation of satellites and amobile platform-mounted mobile communicator including the use of a firstantenna suited for operation using a first frequency band in a firstgeographic region and a second antenna suited for operation using eitherthe first or a second frequency band in a second geographic region wherea controller determines which antenna to activate based on one or moreof a geographic indicator or a signal indicator.

As another example, U.S. Pat. No. 8,848,605, entitled “System and Methodfor Providing In-Flight Broadband Mobile Communication Services”discloses a ground-based wireless cellular communication systemproviding in-flight broadband mobile communication services thatincludes at least one ground-based base station adapted for generatingat least one cell defining a solid angle of space surrounding the basestation that includes an antenna array using two-dimensional-beamformingfor generating at least one beam for serving at least one airplane inthe space covered by the at least one cell using spatial-divisionmultiple access (SDMA). The referenced patent also discloses airplaneequipment for providing in-flight broadband mobile communicationservices including an antenna for exchange of user data with theground-based wireless cellular communication system, a transceiver unitconnected to the antenna for handling the air-to-ground andground-to-air communication with the ground-based wireless cellularcommunication system, and an inside-airplane communication system fordistributing the user data to and from terminals within the airplane.

The use of such complicated systems and procedures poses severalchallenges.

The present inventions are directed to providing an enhanced system forproviding high bandwidth communications, such as Internetcommunications, that avoids and/or overcomes shortcomings of the systemsand methods discussed in the materials referenced above (and otherexisting systems and methods). In one exemplary embodiment, theseproblems are solved or mitigated through the use of multiple high-speedground stations that can provide high bandwidth communications toairplanes flying over a geographic region, such as the United States.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

A brief non-limiting summary of one of the many possible embodiments ofthe present disclosure is:

A system for providing high bandwidth communications to an airplane isprovided that comprises a plurality of ground stations positioned acrossa geographic region over which high-bandwidth communications are to beprovided, where each ground station includes: a ground station controlunit, the ground station control unit including at least onecommunication port coupled to the Internet; a plurality of groundstation radio antenna assemblies, each ground station radio assemblyincluding: a software defined radio, the software defined radioincluding at least a first communication port enabling communicationbetween the ground station control unit and the software defined radio;a second communication port coupled to the Internet; and an output port;a radio frequency amplifier having a transmit input coupled to receivethe output of the software defined radio and a transmission output; anda directional antenna coupled to receive the output of the radiofrequency amplifier and transmit the received signal into a definedspace above the ground station, each directional amplifier furtheradapted to receive radio frequency signals received from within thedefined space; wherein, the ground station control unit is adapted toconfigure each software defined radio within the ground station controlunit to provide radio frequency signals at a selected frequency and at aselected bandwidth; wherein each of the software defined radios isconfigured to receive signals from the Internet through its Internetconnection and process such signals to generate radio frequency signalscorresponding to the received Internet signals at the selected frequencyand the selected bandwidth; and wherein each of the software definedradios is configured to further receive antenna signals from the antennaat the selected frequency and the selected bandwidth and process suchsignals to generate communication signals provided to the Internet; anda plurality of air stations, each air station comprising: an air stationcontrol unit; a plurality of air station radio antenna assemblies, eachair station radio assembly including: a software defined radio, thesoftware defined radio including at least a first communication portenabling communication between the air station control unit and thesoftware defined radio, an input port and an output port; a directionalantenna coupled to receive the output of the software defined radio andtransmit the received signal into a defined space below the air station,the directional antenna further being coupled to the input of thesoftware defined radio to provide signals received at the antenna to thesoftware defined radio; wherein, the air station control unit is adaptedto configure each software defined radio within the air station controlunit to provide radio frequency signals at a selected frequency and at aselected bandwidth, wherein the selected frequency and bandwidth used bythe air station corresponds to the selected frequency and bandwidth usedby at least one ground station; and wherein the number of ground stationradio antenna assemblies within each ground station is greater than thenumber of air station radio antenna assemblies within each air station.

Additionally, or alternatively the system of the present disclosure maytake the form of an air-to-ground communication system comprising: aplurality of ground stations, each including a plurality of ground-baseddirectional antennae, each ground-based directional antenna having abeam width associated with a particular area of the sky above the groundstation; for each ground-based directional antenna, a least one softwaredefined radio coupled to the directional antenna in such a manner asenable the ground-based directional antenna to transmit radio frequencysignals generated by the software defined radio and to provide to thesoftware defined radio frequency signals received by the ground-baseddirectional antenna; a plurality of air stations, each including aplurality of air-based directional antennae and an air station controlunit, each air-based directional antenna having a beam width associatedwith a particular area of the sky below the air station; for eachair-based directional antenna, a least one software defined radiocoupled to the air-based directional antenna in such a manner as enablethe air-based directional antenna to transmit radio frequency signalsgenerated by the software defined radio and to provide to the softwaredefined radio frequency signals received by the air-based directionalantenna; wherein the control unit of each air station is configured toenable bi-directional communications between each air-based directionalantenna a ground-based directional antenna, at any given time, theground-based directional antennas in communication with the air-baseddirectional antenna are all from different ground stations.

Other potential aspects, variants and examples of the disclosedtechnology will be apparent from a review of the disclosure containedherein.

None of these brief summaries of the inventions is intended to limit orotherwise affect the scope of the appended claims, and nothing stated inthis Brief Summary of the Disclosure is intended as a definition of aclaim term or phrase or as a disavowal or disclaimer of claim scope.

DESCRIPTION OF THE VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

The following figures form part of the present specification and areincluded to demonstrate further certain aspects of the presentinvention. The invention may be better understood by reference to one ormore of these figures in combination with the detailed description ofspecific embodiments presented herein.

While the inventions disclosed herein are susceptible to variousmodifications and alternative forms, only a few specific embodimentshave been shown by way of example in the drawings and are described indetail below. The figures and detailed descriptions of these specificembodiments are not intended to limit the breadth or scope of theinventive concepts or the appended claims in any manner. Rather, thefigures and detailed written descriptions are provided to illustrate theinventive concepts to a person of ordinary skill in the art and toenable such person to make and use the inventive concepts.

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary system 1000 for providing a highbandwidth communication connection, such as an Internet connection toobjects traveling through the sky, such private or commercial airplanes.

FIGS. 2A-2C illustrates various aspects of approaches and examples thatmay be used to implement the exemplary Ground Stations of FIG. 1.

FIGS. 3A-3B depict exemplary approaches for distributing Ground Stationsacross a geographic region over which high bandwidth communications withobjects traveling through the sky are desired.

FIGS. 4A-4I illustrates exemplary arrangements for the directionalantennas of exemplary given Ground Stations, with the directionalantennas being designed and oriented to received/transmit radio signalsfrom/to a preferred region of the sky.

FIGS. 5A, 5B, 5C illustrate different exemplary forms that the AirRadio/Antenna Assemblies in each Air Station may take.

FIG. 6 generally illustrates one exemplary manner in which multipleARAAs may be combined to form an Air Station.

FIGS. 7A, 7B, 7C and 7D illustrate the manner in which the directionalantennas within a given Air Station containing either three (3) or six(6) ARAAs may be oriented and arranged to provide radio-communicationcoverage for substantially all of the space below a plane on which theAir Station is located.

FIGS. 8A and 8B, which illustrate the manner in which the directionalantenna for an Air Station including six (6) GRAAs can be physicallypositioned and oriented on a plane

FIGS. 9A and 9B depict exemplary approaches for distributing GroundStations across a geographic region over which high bandwidthcommunications with objects traveling through the sky are desired.

FIGS. 10A-10B generally illustrate the manner in which the describedsystem may be controlled to enable high bandwidth communications to anexemplary plane 10000.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

System Overview:

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary system 1000 for providing a highbandwidth communication connection, such as an Internet connection, todevices within an airplane traveling through the sky, such as smartphones, tablets, and laptop computers within the cabin of a private orcommercial airplane. Note that the images in FIG. 1 are forrepresentational purposes only and are not to scale.

As described in more detail herein, the system of air stations, witheach air station—in one example—being associated with a given air-basedobject such as an airplane. Each air station is able to communicate withone or more ground stations through the use of directional antennas andprogrammable radios. In certain examples, each air station is also ableto provide a local wireless network within the plane in which it ispositioned to support wireless communications, such as Internetcommunications, with devices within the plane.

In many of the examples described herein, each air station is made up ofa number of radio-antenna assembles such that a given air station cancommunicate with a plurality of different ground stations any giventime. In such examples, the bandwidth available to each air station canbe significant since the total bandwidth available to the air stationwill be the collective bandwidth provided by the various ground stationswith which it is communicating along with any overhead that the usedprotocols require.

In some of the examples discussed herein, each ground station willinclude a number of different radio-antenna assemblies, such that eachground station can communicate with a number of air stations at anygiven time.

Having a large number of ground stations alone can provide effectivebandwidth between a single airplane and the Internet. However, this willnot be effective if there is more than a single airplane associated witheach ground station. To provide larger amounts of bandwidth to eachairplane, ground stations may be configured with multiple antennas whereeach antenna may be separately configured to one or more transmissionfrequencies. This may then allow each ground station to provide Internetaccess to multiple aircraft. Similarly, aircraft may be provided withmultiple antennas where each antenna may be separately configured to oneor more transmission frequencies so that each aircraft may thensimultaneously connect to multiple ground stations. Combining theseenhanced capabilities of ground stations and air stations may providesignificant bandwidth to devices on many aircraft at the same time.

Additionally, since many of the examples described herein utilizesoftware defined radios, the characteristics of the communicationsbetween each air station and each ground station it is communicatingwith can be varied to avoid interference, efficiently allocatebandwidth, and ensure optimum operation of the system.

Referring to FIG. 1, the exemplary illustrated system includes aplurality of Ground Stations 1100A-1100D that may be used to supportbi-directional high-bandwidth communications with devices the pluralityof airplanes 1200A-1200C.

Ground Stations and Ground Station Radio-Antenna Assemblies (“GRAAs”):

As discussed above, in some of the systems described herein, multipleground stations are provided that can be used to communicate with theair stations in the systems. In general, each ground station will beformed from multiple, individual, antenna-radio assemblies. Eachantenna-radio assembly can be used to enable bi-directionalcommunications with a given antenna-radio assembly in an air station.

As discussed in more detail below, each of the Ground Stations 1100 is areconfigurable system that is capable of supporting a large number ofbi-directional communication links with a number of airplanes locatedwith a region of the sky above the Ground Station. In the example, thestructures used to establish and maintain the communication links arereconfigurable, such that operational parameters of each communicationlink can be quickly and dynamically changed. Nonlimiting examples ofparameters that can be dynamically changed are the frequency used forcommunications enabled by the link, the bandwidth of thosecommunications and the power level of the signals used to enable thecommunication link. Each Ground Station can communicate with manyairplanes at once in the sky above the Ground Station and can providehigh bandwidth Internet communications to such planes to the extentenabled by the Internet connection to the Ground Station. Similarly,each aircraft may simultaneously communicate with multiple GroundStations.

While much of the discussion of communication signals in the examples ofthis disclosure are in the context of providing bandwidth to/from theInternet, it should be understood that the system and approachesdisclosed herein are not limited to the provision of Internetcommunications and that the present disclosure can be used to facilitatehigh bandwidth communications of most any type including packetswitching and circuit switching technologies.

As discussed in more detail below, in certain examples, each GroundStation includes a Ground Station Control Unit coupled a plurality ofGround Station Radio/Antenna Assemblies (“GRAA”). Each GRAA is capableof supporting at least one communication link and, in certainembodiments where each GRAA is able to simultaneously communicatesignals having different frequencies, the number of communication linksthat is equal the number of different frequency signals that can besimultaneously communicated at any given time.

In the example of FIG. 1, each GRAA includes at least one softwaredefined radio (“SDR”), a radio frequency (“RF”) amplifier; and adirectional antenna with a beam width associated with a particular areaof the sky above the Ground Station 1100 that includes the GRAA. Ingeneral, each GRAA is capable of transmitting radio frequency signalsinto the particular area of the sky associated with the directionalantenna of that GRAA and is capable of receiving radio frequency signalsfrom that particular area of the sky. The frequencies at which thesignals are transmitted and/or received and processed can be dynamicallychanged through configuration of the SDR within the GRAA. In general,the directional antennas of each of the GRAAs should cover a specificregion of the sky above the Ground Station in which the GRAA iscontained. In certain embodiments, the overlap between regions coveredby different GRAAs within a single Ground Station can be non-existent orlimited.

Because each Ground Station will include a number of GRAAs, each GroundStation will include a multitude of antennas pointing at the sky. Incertain embodiments, no two of the antennas within a given GroundStation will point to the same area of the sky. Thus, the totalbandwidth that will be available from the Ground Station will equal thenumber of radio-antenna assemblies within the Ground Station multipliedby the bandwidth that can be provided by each radio-antenna assembly.The total bandwidth available from the system will, in turn, by thetotal bandwidth available from each Ground Station multiplied by thetotal number of Ground Stations within the system. In anotherembodiment, it may be beneficial to have two or more antennas pointingto the same section of sky, where each antenna is using frequencies notused by any other antenna.

The number of Ground Stations 1100 shown in FIG. 1 is representativeonly. The number of Ground Stations in an implemented system will varyand will likely vary based on the size and scope of the geographicalregion to be serviced by the disclosed system

Air Stations and Air Station Radio-Antenna Assemblies (“ARAAs”):

In the specific example of FIG. 1, each of the airplanes 1200 includesan Air Station. As discussed in more detail below, each of the AirStations is a reconfigurable system that is capable of supporting alarge number of bi-directional communication links, where variousoperational parameters of each communication link can be quickly anddynamically changed. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, each airplane includesa plurality of Air Station Antenna Radio Assemblies (“ARAAs”).

Similar to the Ground Stations discussed above, each Air Stationincludes a number of radio-antenna assemblies. Each of the radio-antennaassemblies in each Air Station is capable of establishing one (or more)communication links with a given Ground Station. Thus, the total maximumbandwidth available to a given Air Station will be the number ofradio-antenna assemblies in the Air Station multiplied by the number ofcommunication links supported by each radio-antenna assembly multipliedby the maximum bandwidth available for each communication link.

Similar to the Ground Stations discussed above, each Air Stationincludes a controller that may be used to control thefrequency/frequencies, bandwidth and other parameters of thecommunication links supported by the Air Station. In the example of FIG.1, this is accomplished by ensuring that each ARAA includes at least onesoftware defined radio (“SDR”), a radio frequency (“RF”) amplifier; anda directional antenna with a beam width associated with a particulararea of the sky below the Air Station. In general, each ARAA is capableof transmitting radio frequency signals into the particular area of thesky associated with the directional antenna of that ARAA and is capableof receiving radio frequency signals from that particular area of theregion below it. The frequencies at which the signals are transmittedand/or received and processed can be dynamically changed throughconfiguration of the SDR within the GRAA.

In general, the directional antennas of each of the ARAAs should cover aspecific region of the space below the Air Station in which it iscontained. In certain embodiments, the overlap between regions coveredby different ARAAs within a single Air Station can be non-existent orlimited.

Because each Air Station will include a number of ARAAs, each AirStation will include a multitude of antennas pointing to a region ofspace below the Air Station In certain embodiments, no two of theantennas within a given Air Station will point to the same region ofspace

In one exemplary embodiment, each Air Station on each airplane withinthe system includes six ARAAs (and thus six antennas and at least sixSDRs) such that it can communicate simultaneously with six groundstations. In this example, each radio-antenna assembly win each AirStation would be capable of communicating over ⅙ of the space below theairplane.

In the example of FIG. 1, when an airplane in a section of the sky abovea Ground Station, the Ground Station can communicate with the airplanethrough the use of a GRAA within the Ground Station. The airplane can,in turn, communicate with the Ground Station through the use of an ARAAwithin the plane. By coordinating the configuration and operation of theGround Stations and the Air Stations, the system 1000 is capable ofestablishing one or more high-bandwidth communication links between eachof the Air Stations and one or more of the Ground Stations.

In the example of FIG. 1, the high bandwidth link (or links) betweeneach Air Station and one or more Ground Stations can then be used toprovide high-bandwidth connections to wireless devices within the givenplane. In particular, the bandwidth available to each airplane will bethe bandwidth available for each communication link multiplied by thenumber of communication links supported by the air station.

The bandwidth available to each airplane can be distributed to multipledevices within the airplane. For example, the total bandwidth availableto the airplane can be allocated to devices built-into the airplane andto devices used by passengers traveling on the plane. In the example ofFIG. 1, this functionality is provided through the provision, withineach Air Station, of a wireless distribution device, such as a Wi-Firouter (not illustrated in FIG. 1) that establishes a high bandwidthwireless communication network within, for example, the cabin of theplane. Devices within the plane's cabin can join the Wi-Fi network andcommunicate using the Wi-Fi network within the cabin of the plane in thesame general manner that such devices would communicate with a Wi-Fidevice within a land-based location.

The devices in the plane that can access the bandwidth provided by thedisclosed system can take many different forms. For purposes of theexamples in this disclosure, the devices within the cabin of the planethat can access the Wi-Fi network established within the cabin of thepane by the distribution device can comprise or consist of any electricdevices capable of accessing a land-based Wi-Fi network. Such devicesinclude but are not limited to laptop computers; tablet computers; smartphones; smart watches or other communicating wearable devices, or anyother device that is capable of communicating across a local wirelessnetwork.

In one of many envisioned embodiments, controls may be put in placeaboard the plane to segment the devices into groups so that they maymake use of the plethora of communications channels available to the AirStation. In an example where an Air Station has established links to twoGround Stations, half of the on-board devices may be directed to oneGround Station and the other half to the other Ground Station. Thisdistribution of access may be handled seamlessly by a controller aboardthe plane such that the actual physical path between the plane and theInternet need not be known to any of the devices, but will appear to beseamless. It is envisioned that these groups need not be static, butdevices may be moved from one to another, or even into new groups asnetwork usage increases and/or decreases for each on-plane device.

In another envisioned embodiment, all of the traffic from all of thedevices may be round-robined from the Air Station to each of the GroundStations. The ground-based system may then send return traffic to theAir Station from any available Ground Station in a similar round-robinfashion.

During operation of the exemplary system of FIG. 1, bi-directionalcommunications can be established between each of the Air Stations inone or more of the planes 1200A-1200C and one or more of the GroundStations 1100A-1100D to provide massive communication bandwidth to theAir Station. For example, to the extent that bandwidth is desired forplane 1200A, and plane 1200A is positioned over a portion of the skyabove Ground Station 1100A, a communication link 1500 can beestablished, over a given frequency range, between the GRAA withinGround Station 1100A associated with the space in which the plane 1200Ais located and the ARAA within the Air Station on plane 1200A associatedwith the space below the plane 1200 in which the Ground Station 1100A islocated. As plane 1200A travels through the sky and into a region ofspace no longer associated with the specific GRAA within Ground Station1200A involved in the initial communication link, a furthercommunication link can be established between a different the GRAAwithin Ground Station 1100A that associated with the new space in whichthe plane 1200A would then be located and the ARAA within the AirStation on plane 1200A associated with the new space below the plane 200in which the Ground Station 1100A is located.

As noted above, each Ground Station in the disclosed system isresponsible for a particular region of the sky over the area supportedby the system. Thus, as a given airplane travels across the areasupported by the present system, the plane will pass through the regionif sky supported by a given Ground Station such that that that GroundStation would no longer be able to communicate with the airplane. Inorder to maintain the provision of the same bandwidth to the plane, thecommunication link supported by that Ground Station will need to betransferred to a different Ground Station that is capable of supportingcommunications for the claim.

For example, as plane 1200A travels through the sky, plane 1200A maypass out of the regions of the sky associated with the various GRAAswithin Ground Station 1100A and into a region of the sky associated withone of the GRAAs within Ground Station 1100B. In such an event, acommunication link between an appropriate ARAA in the Air Station withinplane 1200A and a GRAA within Ground Station 1100B associated with theregion of the sky in which the plane 1200A is located can beestablished. In this manner, communication bandwidth can be provided toplane 1200A at all times.

Because each Air Station in the described example is capable ofsupporting communications between multiple Air Station radio-antennaassemblies and multiple Ground Stations, the number of communicationlinks between the airplane and the ground can be dynamically controlledto increase or decrease the bandwidth available to the airplane toensure that the provided bandwidth is aligned with the bandwidthrequired. For example, in the example discussed above, situations mayarise wherein the bandwidth of the communication link establishedbetween an Air Station and a single Ground Station is insufficient tosupport the level of communications desired with the plane. In such asituation, the system exemplary system of FIG. 1 enables establishmentof an additional communication link between the Air Station for whichadditional bandwidth is required and a second Ground Station, such thatthe Air Station would now be served by two active communication linksThis situation is exemplified by plane 1200B in FIG. 1.

Referring to plane 1200B of FIG. 1, communication links 1510 and 1520are illustrated between the Air Station within plane 1200B and GroundStation 1110C and Ground Station 1100B. Although not illustrated, itwill be understood that each of such communication links will existbetween an ARAA within the Air Station on plane 1100B and a GRAA withinone of Ground Station 1100C and a GRAA within Ground Station 1100B. Inthis example, because two distinct communication paths exist withrespect to plane 1200B, the communication bandwidth provided to plane1200B can be as much as twice the bandwidth provided to plane 1200A (forwhich only one communication link exists).

Like the communication link established with respect to plane 1200A,above, the communication links established with respect to plane 1200Bwould be transferred among different GRAAs in Ground Stations 1100C and1100B (and potentially among different ARAAs in the Air Station withinplane 1200B as plane 1200B travels through the sky.

Should additional bandwidth be required to fill the bandwidth needs ofthe Air Station in plane 1200B (or 1200A), additional communicationlinks between an ARAA within the Air Station at issue and a GRAA withina Ground Station not currently communicating with the plane can beestablished. In the example of FIG. 1, where each Air Station includessix (6) ARAAs, as many as six (6) communication links can be establishedbetween the plane at issue and six Ground Stations to provide massivecommunication bandwidth to the plane.

In the example of FIG. 1 it should be appreciated that each GroundStation is capable of communicating simultaneously with multiple planes.Thus, for example, one of the GRAAs within Ground Station 1100C can becommunicating with one of the ARAAs within the Air Station in Plane1200B through communication link 1510, while another of the GRAAs withinthe Ground Station 1100C can be communicating with one of the ARAAswithin the Air Station in Plane 1200C, through communication link 1530.Note that at the same time, the Air Station in Plane 1200C can alsoinclude an ARAA communicating with one of the GRAAs in Ground Station1100D over communication link 1540.

In the example of FIG. 1, the number of GRAAs within each of the GroundStation is the same and the number of GRAAs in each Ground Station isgreater than the number of ARAAs in each Air Station. In the illustratedexample, each Ground Station 1100 includes sixteen (16) GRAAs and eachAir Station includes six (6). It will be appreciated that this number isnot critical and that the number of GRAAs can vary amount GroundStations, the number of ARAAs can vary among Air Stations, and thenumber and ratio of GRAAs to ARAAs can vary as well without departingfrom the teachings of this disclosure. It will be appreciated that ifadditional antennas are included within each of the Air Stations, thespace below each Air Station can be further segmented, and additionalcommunication links with additional Ground Stations can be established,thus permitting the creation of an additional number ofsimultaneously-enabled communication links.

In the examples discussed above, each communication link involves asingle ground station radio communicating through a single antenna, at asingle frequency, to a single radio in an air station. Alternateembodiments are envisioned wherein each antenna in the air and groundstations will be capable of simultaneously supporting communications atdifferent frequencies. In such embodiments, the use of multiplefrequencies for each antenna will permit the establishment of multiplecommunication channels for each air-station/ground-station radioassembly pairs.

For example, as discussed in more detail below, embodiments areenvisioned where each GRAA is capable of communicating with each ARAAsimultaneously on multiple frequencies such that the communicationbandwidth can further be expanded. In such embodiments, each GRAA-ARAAcommunication pair could then support a communication link for eachfrequency at which simultaneous communication can occur. Accordingly, inthe example of FIG. 1, if each GRAA/ARAA is capable of simultaneouslycommunicating on two distinct frequencies, then up to twelve (12)communication links (or twice the number of directional antennae in eachAir Station) could be provided to each plane.

The system and method of communication described above has many featuresand advantages.

One potential advantage is that the disclosed system can operate usingonly a limited number of frequencies, system wide. This is because ofthe directional nature of the antenna used within the system. Since thecommunication links within the system are enabled by directionalantenna, such that each link involves radio signals within only aparticular region of the sky, multiple links can utilize the same radiofrequency as other communication links.

For example, in one exemplary embodiment, a limited set of frequencieswill be used for all communication in the system. In this exemplaryembodiment, all Ground Stations will use the same set of frequencies tocommunicate with the Air Stations within the airplanes. This sharing offrequencies is possible because in the described system, eachground/airplane communication link is provided by a specific antennawithin a specific ground station and a specific antenna within an AirStation. In this embodiment, each of the antenna pairs (i.e., each linkbetween an antenna in a GRAA and an antenna in an ARAA) can use the samefrequency as much as possible. Such use of the same frequency bymultiple communication links minimizes the number of frequencies thatmust be used by the system. This embodiment does not preclude the use ofone frequency for transmission and another for reception.

A further advantage of the system described above is that each airplanein the system will have the ability to communicate through multipleARAAs to multiple GRAAs within different Ground Stations. Thus if aparticular radio, antenna, or other structure within a given ARAA-GRAAlink goes down or is compromised, the Air Station within the airplaneand/or the Ground Station involved in the communication link can readilyestablish other communication links to replace or augment the lost orcompromised link.

GRAA Structure and Operation:

FIGS. 2A-2C illustrate various exemplary forms each of the GRAA within aGround Station may take. As reflected in these figures, the basic formof each disclosed ground station is a control unit controlling theradios that form the ground station, and a plurality of radio-antennaassemblies. Each of the radio-antenna assemblies includes an antenna andat least one radio, where each of the radios is connected to theInternet. In this manner, each radio-antenna assembly in the groundstation can communicate with a radio-antenna-assembly in an air stationto support, for example, the provision of high-bandwidth Internetcommunications from the ground station to the air station. The controlunit can vary the operating parameters for each radio within the groundstation to address issues (such as interference), to allocate bandwidth,and to otherwise ensure efficient operation of the system.

Referring first to FIG. 2A, an exemplary GRAA 2000 is illustrated. Theexemplary GRAA includes a Software Defined Radio (“SDR”) 2100, a radiofrequency (RF) amplifier 2200, and a directional antenna 2300 as shown.An internet connection 2700 is provided directly to the SDR.

In the example of FIG. 2A, a Ground Station Control Unit 2600 isprovided that is coupled to both the SDR 2100 (via connection 2400) andthe RF Amplifier 2200 (by connection 2401).

In operation, the Ground Station Control Unit 2600 can be used toconfigure and program the SDR 2100 such that it operates in a desiredmanner. For example, the Ground Station Control Unit can configure theSDR to transmit a signal at a specific frequency (or at specificfrequencies), control the bandwidth of signals transmitted by the SDRand/or configure the SDR to process received signals at one or morespecific frequencies or across a given frequency bandwidth.

In the example of FIG. 2A, the Ground Station Control Unit is coupled tothe Internet via connection 2700. As such, the operation of the GroundStation Control Unit can be modified and adjusted via commands receivedover the Internet connection 2700. Accordingly, through the use ofInternet commands and communication, the system of the presentdisclosure can coordinate the operation of the GRAAs within the variousGround Stations comprising the disclosed system and can, viacommunications with the Air Stations, coordinate operation of the GroundStations and the various Air Stations.

As will be appreciated, in the Ground Stations of the present systemInternet connections are useful for two different purposes. For example,one purpose is to permit the receipt and provision of internet signalsthat are useful for configuring and controlling the various softwaredefined radios in the Ground Station. Another purpose is to permitInternet communications between the Ground Stations and the AirStations. For such purposes it is not necessary that the air-groundInternet communications pass through the Ground Station Control Unit. Assuch, such Internet communications can be provided via direct Internetconnections to each of the radio-antenna assemblies within the GroundStation.

For example, in the example discussed above, will also be noted that theSDR 2100 includes its own communication link to the Internet 2700. Assuch, the SDR is capable of receiving radio signals from antenna 2300reflecting Internet communications, processing them such that they areconverted to digital data signals that can be passed to the Internet2700, and communicating such signals to the Internet without any datainput from the Ground Station Control Unit. In other words, in theexample of FIG. 2A, while the Ground Station Control Unit 2600 is ableto configure and control aspects of the operation of the SDR 2100, thedata provided to, and provided by, the SDR need not be provided to,received by, or processed by the Ground Station Control Unit. Such datacan pass from/to the internet through the SDR without ever beingprovided to or processed by the Ground Station Control Unit.

In the example of FIG. 2A, the Ground Station Control Unit also includesa connection 2401 to the RF Amplifier 2200. As discussed elsewhere here,for various reasons, it is often desirable to operate the GRAAs and theARAAs in the disclosed system at the lowest power level required foracceptable communications. In one exemplary embodiment, the GroundStation Control Unit can monitor signals received and transmitted by thevarious GRAAs to which it is connected and can, through such monitoring,determine the minimum power required for such communications. The GroundStation Control Unit 2600 can then utilize the communication link 2401to control the amplification level of the RF Amplifier 2200 such thatthe transmitted power of the GRAA is at, or approximately at, the lowestpower level required for acceptable communications.

During transmission operations of the GRAA 2000, SDR 2100 will generatea RF signal to be transmitted by the GRAA. The RF signal will beprovided by the SDR 2100 to the RF amplifier 2200, that will thenamplify the RF signal by a desired amount and transmit the amplified RFsignal to the directional antenna 2300. The directional antenna 2300will then transmit the amplified RF signal such that the most powerfulpart of the signal is within the beam-width cone associated with thedirectional antenna 2300.

During receive operations, the directional antenna 2300 will receiveradio signals received from within the reception area and transmit thereceived signals through the RF Amplifier 2200 to the SDR 2100.

Because the amplification level of the RF amplifier is variable, thelevel can be adjusted in response to need. For example, duringcommunications, the amplification level can initially be set at thehighest possible level to establish communications, and the level canthereafter be decreased until the lowest amplification level necessaryto permit communications is reached. In this manner, the lowestamplification level required for acceptable communications can beidentified and used to minimize the interference that may result frommore significant amplification.

Thus, in the illustrated example should be noted that the RF amplifierneed not be used to provide a constant amplification level at all times.For example, embodiments are envisioned wherein the RF Amplifier willvary the level of amplification depending on the condition of the planewithin in which the GRAA is located and/or other conditions. Forexample, where the GRAA is located geographically proximate to the planein with which the GRAA is communicating, the RF amplifier may amplifythe signal by a relatively small amount. As the plane travels away fromthat Ground Station the level of amplification may increase. Thisapproach can be used to both conserve power and to try to limit theinterference that could arise if a number of highly amplified signalsfrom different planes were to be transmitted in the same generalairspace.

It should also be noted that the RF Amplifier 2200 need not amplifysignals during both transmission and reception operations and, whenamplification is used, need not be used to amplify equally fortransmission and reception. Thus, embodiments are envisioned where theamplifier 2200 is operational to amplify signals during reception, butnot transmission, and vice versa. Embodiments are also envisioned wherethe amplifier 2200 is used to amplify signals at one level duringtransmission and another level during reception. Embodiments are alsoenvisioned wherein the amplifier 2200 also acts as a filter andamplifies signals only within one or more certain desired frequencyranges and does not amplify (or attenuates) signals outside such rangeor ranges.

As noted above, in the disclosed system the operating parameters of thecommunication can be varied. This is enabled, in one example, throughthe use of software defined radios in each of the Ground StationRadio-Antenna assemblies. In terms of structure, the SDR 2100 within theexemplary GRAA under discussion can take the form a software definedradio capable of receiving and transmitting signals that can be quicklyprogramed, in real time, to vary one or all of: the transmit power ofthe radio, the center frequency, the bandwidth, and the mode ofoperation (such as the form of transmitted data, the form of signalmodulation, the periods of transmit/receive, and other aspects of theradio operation). For SDRs that can transmit and/or receive signals atmore than one frequency simultaneously, the SDRs may also enableadjustment of the center frequency and bandwidth for each of themultiple operational frequencies.

As noted above, in addition to varying the frequency/frequencies atwhich communications across a given communication link can occur, theGround Station can vary the bandwidth of the enabled communications. Forexample, in one embodiment the SDR used within the GRAAs should beselected such that it can be programed to enable communications within agiven selected bandwidth across a selected predetermined range offrequencies. For example, in accordance with one embodiment, each SDRused in a GRAA should be such that it can generate and receive RFsignals within the frequency range of between about 700 MHz to 2.5 GHzand can communicate about a selected authorized frequency within thatrange using a bandwidth of up to about 6 MHz. It should be appreciatedthat these ranges are exemplary only and that frequencies and bandwidthsoutside these ranges can be used without departing from the teachings ofthis disclosure.

Because each GRAA will be used in a system in which other GRAAs (andARAAs) are neighbors, there is the possibility that transmissions fromone or more GRAA could interfere with RF signals being transmitted orreceived by another GRAA. To reduce the potential for such interference,each SDR may be programmed such that it can transmit about only alimited number of selected midpoint frequencies, with the variousmid-point frequencies selected to minimize the potential forinterference. One exemplary embodiment is envisioned wherein each SDR ineach GRAA in the system is configured to operate at one of a preselectednumber of midpoint frequencies, where the preselected midpointfrequencies are selected such that interference between any two or moreselected frequencies is limited. For example, each GRAA within a givensystem can be selected such that it can operate at one of fifteen (15)preselected midpoint frequencies.

In the described example, the frequencies available to each GroundStation can be selected from frequencies assigned to the user of thesystem or from the frequencies available to the user for which there islimited expected interference.

While the embodiments discussed above envision use of SDRs with a highdegree of programmability, other embodiments are envisioned wherein theSDRs used in the system are optionally designed to operate in one of alimited number of discrete modes. For example, for systems where it isanticipated that the SDRs will operate over only two or threepredetermined frequency ranges, SDRs may be designed or selected thatcan operate only within those specified frequency ranges. Still further,for systems where the radios are anticipated to operate over only one,or a very limited number of predetermined frequencies, it may bepossible to use more conventional radio transmitters/receivers that aredesigned to optionally operate over the specific predetermined frequencyranges.

In one embodiment, the communication signals transmitted by the SDRswill be encrypted and compressed both to protect the transmitted dataand reduce the size of all or some of the transmitted data packets.

The RF Amplifiers:

As generally described above the RF amplifiers in each radio-antennaassembly may be used to amplify the signals to be transmitted or thereceived signals. The RF Amplifier 2200 within the GRAA may take anysuitable form. In one embodiment, the GRAAs are designed to operate at arelatively low radio frequency (RF) power level, for example, on theorder of 1-5 Watts, and the RF Amplifier is selected such that thetransmitted power from the directional antenna 2300 is within thedesired range.

As reflected in FIG. 2A, the amplified radio frequency signal from theSDR 2100 and the RF Amplifier 2200 is provided to a directional antenna2300. The directional antenna 2300 within the GRAA may take many forms.In general, the directional antenna 2300 within each GRAA should beselected such that: (a) for purposes of transmitting a radio signal, itemits a focused, relatively narrow radio wave beam directed to aparticular section of the sky about the Ground Station in which the GRAAis located (e.g., over a beam width roughly in the form of a coneextending from the antenna and covering particular degree span of thesky) and (b) for purposes of receiving radio signals, it amplifies radiosignals received from a preferred directional space and attenuates radiosignals received from other directions.

The Directional Antennae:

As described above the directional antenna in each of the radio-antennaassemblies is intended to permit communication over a particular regionof the sky above the Ground Station in which the antenna is located.Thus, for example, for a Ground Station including sixteen directionalantennas or oriented to cover the entire sky above the ground station,each of the antenna can permit communications over cone extending fromthe antenna where the san of the antenna is at or slightly greater than45 degrees.

In one embodiment, each directional antenna in each of the Radio/AntennaAssemblies is a Yagi-type antenna. Alternative embodiments areenvisioned wherein each of the directional antennas takes the form of ahigh-performance panel antenna capable of receiving signals across aspecific range of frequencies and capable of providing a relatively highgain over a particular span of space. One exemplary panel antenna thatcould be used in such an embodiment is the PE51130 High PerformancePanel Antenna, which is capable of receiving signals from between 1700MHz and 2500 MHz and operating over a cone having a beam-width of 60degrees with a gain of 9 dBi.

In yet another envisioned embodiment, steerable antenna may be used,which may be automatically moved.

In one embodiment, the directional antenna 2300 within each GRAA can bedesigned for optimum operation over a specific RF frequency band andaround a specific RF midpoint frequency. In alternate embodiments, eachantenna 4300 can be designed or selected to operate across a number ofdifferent frequency bands and around various possible midpointfrequencies.

In still other embodiments, each antenna 2300 may be designed orselected to optionally operate over a defined number of predeterminedfrequency bands and at a correspondingly defined number of predeterminedmidpoint frequencies. For example, in a system in which each GRAA isconfigured to operate at one of fifteen preselected midpointfrequencies, the antennas within the GRAAs used in the system may beselected to have suitable operating characteristics at those preselectedmidpoint frequencies.

The Selected Communication Frequencies and Power Levels

In general, any suitable frequencies or power levels may be used for thecommunications described herein, However, in preferred embodiments, thefrequencies and power levels should be selected in such a manner thatinterference with other communications is avoided.

As indicated above, in certain embodiments each of the SDRs within theGRAAs in the system are programmable to operate at any one of a numberof select frequencies and bandwidths. To minimize the potential forinterference between the signals transmitted by the GRAAs in the system,one of more of the following approaches may be used.

Power Level Adjustment:

First, to avoid having the signals transmitted by the GRAAs give rise tointerference with other signals, the GRAAs should generally broadcast atthe minimal power levels required for god communications. Suchtransmission powers will minimize the potential for transmitted signalsto interfere with other signals. The power level of the transmittedsignals can be adjusted through, for example, control of the RFAmplifier within each of the GRAAs. In one exemplary embodiment, testtransmissions can be made between a GRAA and a receiver (such as anARAA) within a given geographical area to determine the minimum powerfor acceptable communications and that determined power level can beprovided to the System Control Unit for broadcast across the system suchthat all GRAA/receiver communications links in that area utilize thedetermined power level.

In still further embodiments, the power level for all communicationsbetween any Ground Station and any Air Station may be kept at theminimum required for acceptable communications to preserve energy andavoid interference.

Avoidance of Air-To-Ground Primary Frequencies:

Second, the frequencies used for all GRAA-ARAA transmissions can beselected such that they are not aligned with any Primary Frequenciesused for Air-to-Ground transmission.

Avoidance of Detected Frequencies Used for Communication:

Third, the frequencies used for GRAA-ARAA transmission can be determinedon a regular basis through the use of a frequency test protocol wherein,during certain periods where each of the GRAAs and ARAAs are notinvolved in the transmission or reception of a communication signal, theARAAs (and potentially the GRAAs) will monitor the signals received attheir antennas to try to identify which specific frequencies andbandwidths are being used for communications. In such embodiments, onlythose predetermined frequencies not the same or close to a frequency inuse will be used for transmissions. In accordance with one variant ofthis approach, implementation of the frequency test protocol will resultin a list being created of frequencies from the most used frequency inthe area to the lowest used frequency in the area and the predeterminedfrequencies closest to the lowest used frequency will be preferred overfrequencies near the most used frequencies in the area.

In one exemplary embodiment, the frequency test protocol can beperformed every day, or every other day, such that the frequencies usedby the GRAAs in the system are regularly updated. In certain otherembodiments, a version of the frequency test protocol can be performedprior to each transmission of a signal by a GRAA. In such an embodiment,before transmitting over a given frequency, the GRAA seeking to transmita signal will first look for communications from other devices at thatfrequency. If the detected signals at that frequency are greater than acertain level, the GRAA will not use that frequency but will insteadselect an alternate frequency and then reperform the frequency testprotocol using the alternative frequency.

In one embodiment, only secondary frequencies will be used for GRAAtransmissions. In such an embodiment, such secondary frequencies may beselected such that they do not correspond to any air-to-ground primaryfrequencies.

In one variant of this embodiment, the secondary frequencies used by theGRAAs can correspond to a Primary Frequency used for ground-to-groundcommunications since the air-to-ground signals transmitted by the GRAAswill be generally orthogonal to any ground-to-ground communicatingdevices using the selected frequency such that the potential forinterference between the air-to-ground and ground-to-ground transmissionis minimal. In such examples, the use of a Primary Ground-to-GroundFrequency should not cause problematic interference because thecommunications of such a system would always be from Air-to-Ground orGround-to-Air or and not Ground-to-Ground.

In any embodiment where the system will communicate using a SecondaryFrequency, before sending any initial message to a Ground Station withwhich the Air Station is not currently in communication, the Air Stationwill engage in a “listening” period where it detects radio signalsreceived on its associated ARAAs. This is done to determine what radiofrequencies may be currently in use by others in the geographical areaassociated with the Ground Station for which new communications will beestablished. Based on the results of the listening period, the AirStation may select a transmission frequency so as to avoid or minimizeinterference with frequencies on which communications are detected.

As discussed above to increase the flexibility and, potentially thebandwidth capability of the system, embodiments are envisioned whereinone, some, or all of the GRAAs in a given Ground Station are capable oftransmitting (and/or receiving) radio signals across one or moremid-point frequencies and, potentially, one or more bandwidths.

Combining GRAAs to Form a Ground Station:

As described above, a number of different Ground Radio-AntennaAssemblies can be combined to form a Ground Station.

FIG. 3A illustrates one exemplary manner in which a plurality of GRAAsmay be combined to form a Ground Station. As reflected in the figure, anexemplary Ground Station 3000 is depicted that is formed from aplurality of GRAAs, seven of which are illustrated in the figure. Asreflected in the figure, each of the illustrated GRAAs includes adirectional antenna, a RF amplifier and an SDR with the communicationlinks from all of the various SDRs being coupled to a commoncommunication network. Also coupled to the communication network is aGround Station Control Unit 3200. As depicted in FIG. 3A, the GroundStation Control Unit 3200 is coupled to communicate with each of theSDRs and each of the RF Amplifiers in each of the seven illustratedGRAAs. The connection and operation may be as described above inconnection with FIG. 2A.

As further reflected in FIG. 3A, in the illustrated example, the GroundStation Control Unit 3200 is connected to the Internet at connection3300 and connections to the Internet 3300 are also provided for each ofthe illustrated GRAAs.

In the illustrated embodiment the Ground Station Control Unit 3200 cantake the form of a programmable computer that is capable of configuringeach of the SDRs within the GRAAs in the Ground Station 3200, providingand receiving communications to/from the SDRs within the GRAAs,communicating with the Internet 3300 so as to enable Internetcommunications to pass from and through each of the GRAAs and to permitthe Ground Station to communicate with other devices, including but notlimited to other Ground Stations and a general system controller (notillustrated in FIG. 3). As described elsewhere herein, the GroundStation Control unit can program and configure the GRAAs within theGround Station in which it is contained to facilitate high-bandwidthcommunication between the Ground Station and an Air Station.

As noted above, each of the directional antennas associated with each ofthe GRAAs within the Ground Station may be arranged so that each GRAA isassociated with a particular region of the sky above the ground station.One purpose of such an exemplary arrangement may be to ensure that theGround Station has the ability to transmit signals to, and receivesignals from each region of the sky above the Ground Stations wherecommunications are to be enabled.

FIG. 3B illustrates a further exemplary embodiment of a GRAA thatincludes a separate antenna structure for receiving location informationfrom planes traveling above the GRAA. As will be noted the exemplaryGRAA of FIG. 3B is similar to the example of FIG. 3A with the notabledifference being the inclusion of an additional antenna assembly 3400coupled to the Ground Station Control Unit 3200.

Because planes being services by the system disclosed herein will betraveling across the region serviced by the system, it will be necessaryto control the manner in which communication links are established withthe air station on the plane such that, as the plane moves across theregion, communication links can be established with ground stations inthe region where the plane has traveled to and can be terminated forground stations in the regions from which the plane has traveled. Thiscan be accomplished in a number of different ways.

One way in which communications with the plane may be controlled isthrough the use of ADS information, available from different sources.Presently many commercial and non-commercial planes automaticallytransmit an ADS signal that provides information relating to theidentify of airplane (e.g., tail number or other identifier) and thelocation of the plane in space. In the example of FIG. 3B, the antennaassembly 3400 is configured to receive such ADS signals and the GroundStation Control Unit 3200 is configured to process those signals. Thus,using the ADS signals received at the antenna assembly 3400, the GroundStation Control Unit 3200 can receive the ADS signal of a plane withinits general vicinity, and process the signal to determine the locationof the plane. The Ground Station Control Unit can then use that providedADS information to configure and control the various SDRs within theGround Station to optimize the high bandwidth communications to theplane as discussed in more detail below. For example, using the ADSinformation, the Ground Station Control Unit can, in some instances,determine an estimated flight path for the plane to which communicationsare desired to be made and use the estimated track to determine whichGRAA should be used to communicate with the plane (and in what manner)at different points in time.

This process need not be started while the plane is in the air. In oneof many envisioned embodiments, the reservation of bandwidth at asuccession of Ground Stations may be made in advance of the departure ofa plane simply by knowing the filed flight path of the plane and atwhich Ground Stations it is expected to be near at approximate times.The bandwidth reservations may be adjusted as the flight progresses.

In addition to receiving ADS signals from the antenna assembly 3400, theGround Station Control Unit is also able to communicate with theInternet via the Internet connection 3300. Through that connection theGround Station Control Unit 3200 can access plane flight databasesavailable on the Internet which provide location information for planestraveling across various geographical regions. Using such data, alone orin combination with received ADS information, the Ground Station ControlUnit can then determine or estimate the location in space of a plane towhich communications are to be made and then control SDRs within theGround Station to optimize those communications.

In one envisioned embodiment, the controller will be able to see andanalyze network traffic patterns over time and may use that informationin requesting bandwidth from upcoming (in the forward direction oftravel by the plane) Ground Stations. For example, if a group of deviceson board the airplane have been using a relatively consistent amount ofbandwidth over some time period, the controller may signal to the groundstations that it will need to reserve that amount of bandwidth from anupcoming Ground Station. If a single upcoming Ground Station is notgoing to be able to handle that amount of network traffic, the on-planecontroller may further divide the group of devices and request someamount of bandwidth from one upcoming Ground Station, and another amountof bandwidth from a different upcoming Ground Station. If theanticipated amount of bandwidth is not available from any combination ofupcoming Ground Stations, the on-plane controller may throttle thecommunications from the devices to provide fair and equal access.

As noted above, each Ground Station will include a plurality of GRAAsand each GRAA in a given Ground Station will include a directionalantenna directed to a particular region of the sky above the GroundStation. In exemplary embodiments, the arrangement of the directionalantennas will be such that communications will be enabled over all, aportion of, or the majority of the entirety of the sky above the GroundStation for a particular geographical region.

Antennas for Use in GRAAs:

As described above, each of the ground station radio-antenna assembliesincludes a direction antenna used for bi-directional communications. Thespecific form of directional antenna, and the specific arrangement ofsuch antenna, is not critical provided that the antenna arrangement issuch that each antenna is arranged to permit bi-directionalcommunications over a specific region of space above the ground station,and the combination of all the antenna in a ground station permithigh-bandwidth communications over a desired region of space above theground stations. Examples of various antenna arrangements that may beused in a ground station are discussed below.

FIGS. 4A-4C generally illustrate the directional nature of an exemplarydirectional antenna that may be used to implement the system describedherein. Referring first to FIG. 4A a “side view” of a particular regionof space above a directional antenna over which the directional antennacan receive and transmit signals is illustrated. As reflected in thefigure, in the example, the space serviced by the illustrative antennais generally in the form of a cone, having a particular span, extendingfrom the point that is representative of the physical location of theantenna. As will be appreciated, while the space is illustrated for thisexample as a cone, the space associated with a given directional antennamay take other forms. Further, while the cone of FIG. 4A is illustratedas having defined edges and a termination point, it will be appreciatedthat the area of coverage of a given directional antenna may not be sodefined.

FIG. 4B provides a representative “top down” view of the space coveredby an exemplary directional antenna and FIG. 4C generally illustratesthe manner in which four directional antennae may be aimed and orientedsuch that they cover approximately a 180-degree span of space above theantenna assembly.

FIG. 4D illustrates an exemplary arrangement for the directionalantennas of an exemplary given Ground Station having sixteen (16) GRAAs,with the directional antennas of each of the 16 GRAAs being designed toreceived/transmit radio signals from/to a preferred region of the sky.In the embodiment of FIG. 4A, the directional antennas within theexemplary Ground Station are arranged to permit communication to theentre sky above the Ground Station (180 degrees) and each of the sixteenGRAAs is designed to cover a portion of the sky above it comprising acone with an approximately 12 degree span. As such, the sixteen GRAAscollectively cover the entire 180-degree span above the GRAA with aslight overlap between adjacent cones.

FIG. 4E generally illustrates the manner in which sixteen directionalantennae may be arranged to cover the entire 180-degree area of skyabove the exemplary Ground Station. As reflected in the figure, the skyabove the Ground Station may be divided into sixteen regions and eachdirectional antenna may be sized and oriented to cover one of thesixteen regions. In the illustrated embodiment each of the sixteenregions is intended to cover similar spans of the sky. The regions donot appear equal in size in the drawing, however, because this exemplarytwo-dimensional drawing is intended to simply represent a complexthree-dimensional space.

Because the disclosed system is designed to communicate with airborneobjects, and because such object will often not be typically at certainregions of the sky for extended periods (e.g., near the ground).Alternate embodiments are envisioned wherein the span of the sky to beserviced by the Ground Station is less than 180 degrees. For example,because planes rarely remain at very low altitudes for extended periodsof time, it may be possible to provide suitable connections from aGround Station that is capable of covering the space above it from about20 degrees above the horizon on all sides of the Ground Station. In suchembodiments, the span of coverage will be on the order of 140 degrees.In such embodiments, if each Ground Station is to include sixteen (16)GRAAs having only a single directional antenna, the beam-width/receptioncone of the antennas forming each GRAA can be on the order ofapproximately 9 degrees (e.g., 9 degrees plus or minus 15%).

Additionally, while the exemplary Ground Station of FIGS. 4A and 4Bincluded sixteen (GRAAs), alternate embodiments are envisioned whereinthe Ground Stations can include a greater or lesser number of GRAAs. Forexample, Ground Stations formed from nine (9), twenty-five (25) orthirty-six (36) GRAAs are envisioned. In such embodiments, the beamwidth of the antennas for each GRAA should be on the order of the spanof the sky above the Ground Station to be supported by the GroundStation divided by the number of GRAAs forming the Ground Station. Thus,for a Ground Station intended to cover a 120-degree span of space ofabove the Ground Station and thirteen (13) GRAAs, thebeam-width/reception cone supported by each GRAA should be on the orderof between about 9.5 and 10 degrees. Such an alternate embodiment isillustrated in FIG. 4F where a Ground Station comprising thirteen (13)GRAAs, each covering approximately a 10-degree portion of the sky isillustrated.

FIGS. 4G1 and 4G2 illustrate one exemplary GRAA formed from discreteantenna assemblies. In the example, of FIG. 4G1, each discrete antennaassembly is formed from four (4) Yagi-type antennas and where, for agiven antenna assembly, each of the Yagi-antenna within the assemblywill cover an approximately 45 degree cone of space, such that thecoverage of any given assembly of four antenna is generally as shown inFIG. 4C. Each of the four antennae within a given discrete antennaassembly will be coupled to an RF amplifier and one or more SDRs to forma GRAA in a manner discussed above in connection with FIGS. 2A-3B. Asreflected in FIG. 4G2, four of the discrete antenna assemblies reflectedin FIG. 4G1 may be oriented such that the arrangement of the sixteenantennae within the GRAA cover the entire space above the GroundStation.

FIGS. 4H1 and 4H2 illustrate an alternate embodiment, where discreteantenna assemblies each comprising six Yagi-style antennae, can be usedto construct an antenna arrangement for a GRAA including thirty-six (36)antenna arranged in a six-by-six arrangement.

In the examples of FIGS. 4G1, 4G2, 4H1 and 4H2, the illustrated antennaare Yagi-style antenna. It will be appreciated that other types ofdirectional antenna could be used such as parabolic antenna orYagi-parabolic hybrid antenna.

In the examples of FIGS. 4G1, 4G2, 4H1 and 4H2, certain of the antennacomprising the illustrated GRAA are shown as being contained in a singlediscrete antenna assembly. It should be appreciated that a GRAA inaccordance with the teachings of this disclosure could be constructedfrom individual antennas that are not physically connected. An exampleof such an antenna assembly, consisting of sixteen individual,unconnected Yagi-parabolic hybrid antennae is reflected in FIG. 4I whereeach column—seen from the front in this example—is an assembly of 4Yagi-parabolic antenna assemblies in a row (left to right). The fourantenna in the nearest column are angled towards the viewer as describedpreviously, and each consecutive column is angled such that thecollection of antenna in the columns and rows cover the entire sky.

Use of Ground Stations having a larger or smaller number of GRAAs canpermit the construction of Ground Stations in various areas to betailored to the anticipated necessary bandwidth for those areas. Forexample, Ground Stations in areas with only limited air travel (such asin a rural area or a section of water over which few planes pass) mayhave a fewer number of GRAAs, while Ground Stations in heavilytrafficked areas may be formed from a greater number of GRAAs.

In the examples discussed above, each GRAA included a single SDR and asingle directional antenna and was constructed such that each SDR couldbe configured to provide an output signal at a desired frequency andover a defined bandwidth. Alternate embodiments are envisioned, whereeach GRAA remains associated with a single directional antenna but wherethe directional antennas of each GRAA are selected such that two or moresignals (if different frequencies and, potentially different bandwidths)are simultaneously transmitted or received from the same GRAA.

It should be appreciated that each GRAA is capable of communicating witha plurality of aircraft positioned above it. Such multi-aircraftcommunications can be enabled through, for example, using differentfrequencies to communicate with different planes, communicating withdifferent planes at different times, a combination of time and/orfrequency multiplexing, and other multiplexing approaches.

Multi-Frequency Communication:

As discussed generally above, certain antenna arrangements are capableof conducting simultaneous bi-directional communications at differentfrequencies. In such embodiments a first communication link, at a firstfrequency and bandwidth, can be established between a first groundstation antenna and a first air station antenna and a secondcommunication link can be established using the same antennas but usinga second frequency and a second bandwidth. While the first and thesecond frequencies must be different for this approach to work, thefirst and second bandwidths may be the same.

FIG. 2B illustrates one exemplary GRAA that may be used to transmit andreceive two frequencies simultaneously using the same directionalantenna.

Referring to FIG. 2B a GRAA 2001 is illustrated that includes adirectional antenna 2300 a combiner/RF amplifier 2500 and two softwaredefined radios 2100A and 2100B. Each of the SDRs 2100A and 2100Bincludes a communication link (2400A and 2400B) for communicating withthe Ground Station Control Unit (not illustrated in FIG. 2B). During atransmission operation, each of the SDRs 2100A and 2100B will generate aradio signal at a different frequency and each of those signals will beprovided to the combiner/RF amplifier circuit 2500, which will combinethe signals for transmission by the directional antenna 2300. During areception operation, the directional antenna 2300 will receive signalshaving multiple frequency components, separate out the differentfrequencies and provide a signal at a first frequency to the SDR 2100Aand at a second frequency to SDR 2100B.

In the example of FIG. 2B a Ground Station Control Unit 2600 isillustrated that is connected to both the combiner/amplifier 2500 andthe two SDRs 2100A and 2100B. The operation of the Ground StationControl Unit 2600 is generally as described above in connection withFIG. 2A.

Through the use of dual frequencies, the same directional antenna can beused to provide two independent communication links and can, therefore,double the communication bandwidth that an individual GRAA alone canprovide.

If the appropriate directional antenna is selected, a single antenna cansupport simultaneous communications and more than two frequencies. FIG.2C illustrates an exemplary GRAA where a single directional antenna 2300is combined with four (4) SDRs (2100A, 2100B, 2100C and 2100D) topotentially provide up to four independent communication links. Likenumerals represent like elements with respect to FIGS. 2A and 2B.

As discussed above, in the present example, during operation,communication links will be established between at least one GRAA in aGround Station and at least one ARAA in an Air Station.

Combining ARAAs to Form an Air Station:

In a manner similar to that described above with respect to theimplantation of a ground station, multiple air antenna-radio antennaassemblies may be combined to form an air station.

General Air Radio-Antenna Assembly Configuration:

FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C illustrate different exemplary forms that the AirRadio/Antenna Assemblies in each Air Station may take.

Referring first to FIG. 5A, an exemplary ARAA 5001 is illustrated thatincludes a software defined radio (“SDR”) 5100, a RD amplifier 5200, anda directional antenna 5300. A communication link 5400 is provided topermit the communication of data signals and control signals that canconfigure the SDR 5100.

The identified elements in FIG. 5A operate in a manner similar to thatdescribed above with respect to the exemplary GRAA of FIG. 2A. Ingeneral, during a transmit operation, the SDR 5100 will generate a radiofrequency signal embodying the data to be communicated that will beprovided to the RF Amplifier 5200 that will pass the amplified RFsignals to the directional antenna 5300 for transmission into space.During a reception operation, the directional antenna 5300 will receivea signal that is processed by RF Amplifier 5200 and passed to the SDRfor processing.

As reflected in FIG. 5B, exemplary ARAAs can be constructed that, likethe exemplary GRAA of FIG. 2B, include two SDRs 5100A and 5100B and a RFcombiner/amplifier circuit 5500 that can combine and separatetransmitted and received signals. While the example of FIG. 5Billustrates the use of only two SDRs, thus enabling the simultaneoustransmission or reception of signals at two selected frequencies,embodiments of ARAAs are envisioned wherein the ARAA includes more thantwo SDRs (in a manner akin to the exemplary GRAA of FIG. 2C).

It will be appreciated that if each ARAA (and each GRAA) is able tosupport multi-frequency communication, the number of communication linksthat such ARAA (or GRAA) can support will increase. Thus, a GRAA capableof communicating using one frequency at any given time can support asingle link with a single Air Station at any given time. A GRAA capableof communicating at two frequencies may support two communication linkswith a given Air Station or one communication link with a first AirStation and another with a second Air Station at any given time.

FIG. 5C illustrates yet a further embodiment of an ARAA in which thesignal from a single SDR 5100 is passed through two RF Amplifiers (5100Aand 5100B) and a single directional antenna 5300. This embodiment is ofpotential benefit in that, while dividing the communication bandwidthbetween the two communication links enabled by antenna 5300A and 5300B,it provides two possible paths for communication for each SDR, such thatan issue with one of the RF Amplifiers (5200A or 5200B) or one of thedirectional antennas (5300A or 5300B) would not preclude the SDR fromengaging in communications.

Although not illustrated in FIGS. 5A-5C, it should be appreciated thateach of the RF Amplifiers and SDRs would be coupled to an Air StationControl Unit to control the RF Amplifiers/Combiners and SDRs in a mannersimilar to the manner that the Ground Station Control Unit configuredand controlled the operation of the RF Amplifiers/Combiners and SDRscontained in the exemplary GRAAs discussed above.

Configuration of an Air Station:

Multiple air radio-antenna assemblies may be combined to form an AirStation. FIG. 6 generally illustrates one exemplary manner in whichmultiple ARAAs may be combined to form an Air Station.

Referring to FIG. 6A, an exemplary Air Station 6000 is illustrated. Theexemplary Air Station is illustrated as having three ARAAs and acombiner/RF amplifier circuit 6200 although it will be appreciated thatthe number of ARAAs used to form an Air Station can vary. For example,as discussed below, embodiments are envisioned wherein each Air Stationincludes six (6) ARAAs.

In the embodiment of FIG. 6, a first communication link 6301 existsbetween an Air Station Control Unit 6300 and each RF Amplifier and asecond communication link exists between the Air Station Control Unit6300 and each of the SDRs within the three ARAAs. A communication linkis also provided between the Air Station Control Unit 6300 and thewireless communication device 6500. Through use of these communicationlinks, the Air Station Control Unit 6300 may configure and control theRF Amplifiers, the SDRs and the Wireless communication device in the AirStation and also transmit and receive data and control signals via theSDRs and/or the wireless communication device 6500.

In the embodiment of FIG. 6, the communication links of each of thethree ARAAs in the station are coupled to a common Air Station ControlUnit. The communication link, in turn, is coupled to an Air StationControl Unit 6300, which may take the form of a programmed computercapable of configuring the SDRs within the Air Station and ofgenerating, receiving and processing communication signals to betransmitted (or received) by the Air Station. Note that the exemplaryAir Station of FIG. 6 can enable a significant number of communicationlinks at significant bandwidth. For example, with six (6) directionalantennas—each potentially capable of communicating data from 1-4 SDRsunder the control of the Air Station Control Unit—there could be atleast 24 different communication channels.

In FIG. 6, the Air Station Control Unit is in turn coupled to a wirelesscommunication device 6500 which may take the form of a Wi-Fi router. Incertain embodiments, the wireless communication device may be locatedwithin the cabin of a commercial or personal airplane and may enablecommunications between one or more wireless devices being operated bypassengers in the cabin. Such passenger devices may, for example, takethe form of a smart phone 6600A or a tablet or laptop computer.

In an embodiment where the Air Station Control Unit is comprised of arouter to access the Internet, the function of the Air Station ControlUnit may be regarded as similar to the function of what is known tothose ordinarily skilled in communications as customer premiseequipment. The RF link between the Air Station and the Ground Stationmay represent a routable hop, or the Air Station Control Unit may form atunnel across the RF link and through the Ground Station to an upstreamunit that may aggregate and distribute the Internet protocol datagramssimilar in manner to how communications are aggregated and distributedin the Internet to stationary end routers, such as at homes andbusinesses. Any number of aggregation and tunneling protocols as knownto those ordinarily skilled may be deployed in any number of scenarioswithin the inventions disclosed herein.

In one of many possible embodiments, the aggregation of communicationspaths from a GRAA to other GRAAs and/or to the Internet may beaccomplished in ways similar to the interconnection of radio telescopearrays such as the LOFAR radio telescope around Groningen in theNetherlands, or as is being built in the Square Kilometre Array inAustralia.

Although not shown, the Air Station Control Unit 6300 may also be linkedto communicating devices (such as laptops, computers, and discretedevices) via a hardwired connection.

In general operation, the Air Station 6000 of FIG. 6, operating inconjunction with at least one, and preferably more, Ground Stations mayenable high bandwidth communications between devices coupled (wirelesslyor via hardwire) to the Air Station Control Unit and ground systems andnetworks, such as the Internet. Specifically, as generally discussedabove in connection with FIG. 1, the devices 6600A, 6600B and otherdevices can communicate with the Air Station Control unit (via wirelessdevice 6500 or a direct connection) and provide information to berequested, transmitted or received. The Air Station Control Unit canthen process the information and provide it to one or more of the ARAAsfor communication to the ground via one or more communication links,where each communication link reflects a radio frequency communicationchannel established between at least one of the ARAAs in the Air Stationand one of the GRAAs in a Ground Station within the geographical reachof the ARAAs in the Air Station.

Through communication links as described above, high frequencycommunications can be enabled between devices communicating with the AirStation Control unit 6200 and ground-based networks and systems (such asthe Internet) coupled to one or more of the Ground Stations.

Example Orientations of Antennae for an Air Station:

The directional antenna within each air station may be oriented withrespect to each other to provide communication coverage for a particularregion of the sky below the airplane. As such the total bandwidthavailable to the plane will be the total bandwidth available within eachregion of the sky below the plane that is supported by an antenna in theair station, multiplied by the number of antennae in the air station.

FIGS. 7A, 7B and 7C illustrate the manner in which the directionalantennas within a given Air Station containing either three (3) or six(6) ARAAs may be oriented and arranged to provide radio-communicationcoverage for substantially all of the space below a plane on which theAir Station is located.

Referring first to FIG. 7A, a side view of an exemplary plane is shownas element 7100 from which three directional antennas (7000A, 7000B and7000C) extend. In the example, each of the three antennae extenddownwardly from the plane such that the angle between the plane and thedirectional antenna of approximately 30 degrees. This angulardisplacement orients the directional preference of each of the antennato a region of space below the plane.

FIG. 7B illustrates the orientation of the three directional antenna ofFIG. 7A from a “top-down” view. As reflected in the figure, the threeantennae are oriented with respect to each other such that that theangular expanse (when viewed from a top-down perspective) is on theorder of 120 degrees.

In accordance with one exemplary embodiment, the directional space overwhich each of the three antennae will be able to effectively transmitand receive signals will take the form of a cone having an angularexpanse (extending from the physical location of one directionalantenna) of roughly 120 degrees. In such embodiments, the three-antennaarray illustrated in FIGS. 7A and 7B would be capable of providingcoverage of the entire region of space below the plane on which the AirStation is located. However, in such an embodiment the three-antennaearray would be capable of providing only a limited number of independentcommunication links. Specifically, if each directional antenna werecapable of receiving and transmitting signals from its associated SDR atonly one frequency, only three independent links would be available. Ifsimultaneous dual-frequency communications (as described above) wereenabled the number of links would be limited to the number of antennaemultiplied by the number of frequencies that could be transmitted (orreceived) simultaneously.

To increase the number of available communication links—and to increasethe overall bandwidth available from the system—the number of ARAAs inthe Air Station (and thus the number of directional antenna) can bedoubled, such that there are six (6) ARAAs—and six (6) directionalantenna in the Air Station. Such antennas can be oriented to each have athirty-degree downward angle with respect to the plane (as shown in FIG.7A for antennas 7000A-C) and to be oriented from a “top-down”perspective, such that the primary direction of each antenna isseparated from each adjacent antenna by an angular span of sixty (60)degrees. This is generally reflected in FIG. 7C.

FIG. 7D illustrates a perspective view of how six flat panel antennaemay be arranged to form an antenna assembly for an ARAA having theorientation generally described above in connection with FIG. 7C.

Similarly, a GRAA may be made of flat panel antennas. Enabling the topsurface of the assembly to be another flat panel antenna would result in7 flat panel antenna surfaces with the top surface pointing directlyupwards. Those ordinarily skilled in the art will understand through thedisclosures presented herein that such an antenna array need not bepositioned on a substantially flat surface. That is to say that the topsurface need not be level with the surface of the ground. The antennaarray may be located on an incline, such as the side of a mountain, suchthat what is seen as the “top” surface may be aligned away from thezenith.

It should be appreciated that the directional antennas for a given AirStation need not all be physically located at the same general point. Inparticular, as long as the directional orientation is such thatcommunication over the entirety (or substantially all or a desiredregion) of the space below the plane is enabled, the antennas can bephysically located apart from each other. This is generally reflected inFIGS. 8A and 8B, which illustrate the manner in which the directionalantenna for an Air Station including six (6) GRAAs can be physicallypositioned and oriented on a plane.

Positioning an Air Station on an Airplane:

The air stations described above can be positioned on an airplane in avariety of different ways, depending on the particular airplane involvedand a number of other factors. As an example, all of the antenna formingthe air station can be combined to form a single unit that is physicallyattached to the plane at the same location. Alternatively, a subset ofthe antenna forming the Air Station (such as ⅓ or ½) can be combined toform a single physical unit and the various units forming the airstation can be distributed about the outer body of the plane.

FIGS. 8A and 8B generally illustrate a plane. Coupled to the plane aretwo groupings of three antenna. In the illustrate embodiment, one of thegroups of three antenna is positioned generally as described above withrespect to FIGS. 7A-7C with respect to directional antennas 7000A, 7000Band 700C. In the example, this group comprises the three antennae nearthe nose of the plane. In the illustrated example the other groupcomprises three antenna, 7000D-E, which are oriented as reflected inFIG. 7C, but are physically located at the tail end of the plane. In theexample each illustrated antenna covers a roughly 60-degree span of skybelow the plane such that the entirety of the space below the plane isavailable for communication.

As described above, during operation of the system under discussion fora given plane, communication links will be established between an AirStation on the plane and one or more ground stations such that highbandwidth bidirectional communications with the plane can be enabled atall times over a given geographical area. Exemplary approaches forlocating and orienting Ground Stations across a desired area arereflected in FIGS. 9A and 9B.

Distributing Ground Stations Across a Region to be Serviced:

As described above, the ground stations of the present system may beused to provide high bandwidth communications over a geographic regionsupported by the system. Such ground stations may be arranged to provideequal bandwidth coverage over the entire region serviced by the systemor to vary the available bandwidth depending on the anticipatedbandwidth needs of areas within the covered region. FIGS. 9A and 9Bdepict exemplary approaches for distributing Ground Stations across ageographic region over which high bandwidth communications with objectstraveling through the sky are desired.

Fixed Grid Layout:

Referring initially to FIG. 9A, an exemplary layout of Ground Stationsacross an exemplary geographic region desired to be served by the systemis illustrated. In the example of FIG. 9A the exemplary area to beserved is the state of Texas and adjacent states and waters. It will beappreciated, however, that the systems and devices disclosed herein canbe used to provide high-bandwidth communications in the sky above anygeographical region. In the example of FIG. 9A, each dot reflects asingle ground station and the Ground Stations are laid out on roughly a100 mile by 100 mile grid, with each Ground Station being separated fromits most adjacent Ground Stations (on a North-South/East-West basis) bya 100 mile distance.

In general, the distance between ground stations should be selected suchthat, for any location with the Geographic Space desired to be served,at least two ARAAs of each plane to be served by the system is withinthe communication range of at least one Ground Station. This form ofspacing is reflected by exemplary plane 900A which is shown as beingable to communicate with at least the two Ground Stations to thesouth-east and south-west of the plane. This is to ensure that for eachto be served by the system, at any desired location within theGeographic Region to be served, there exist at least two availablecommunication channels. The ability to provide communications across atleast two communication channels any given point provides both theability to increase the bandwidth available to the plane at thatlocation (if a single communication channel is insufficient to providethe desired bandwidth) and provide a redundant link in the event thatthere is a failure of equipment that disables one of the at least twopotential ARAA-Ground Station links.

In one exemplary embodiment, the Ground Stations are positioned andconfigured such that each plane to be served by the system will have atleast one (or greater if multiple simultaneous frequency communicationis enabled for the plane) high bandwidth communication path available toit. Thus, for an exemplary system where each Air Station includes six(6) ARAAs, the Ground Stations should be positioned such that, at anygiven geographic point within the region to be served, each plane iscapable of communicating with six (6) ground stations. This arrangementis reflected by exemplary plane 900B in FIG. 5A, which is shown ashaving the ability to communicate with at least the six Ground Stationsmost adjacent to the plane.

In another exemplary embodiment, the Ground Stations are positioned insuch a manner that each ARAA within a plane is capable of communicatingwith at least two Ground Stations generally along a given direction.Thus, arrangement is generally reflected by exemplary plane 900C in FIG.9A. As reflected in FIG. 9A, plane 900C is capable of communicating withat least two Ground Stations to its East. It will be appreciated that,in other examples, planes can communicate with multiple Ground Stationsin multiple directions. As discussed in more detail below, thisarrangement can provide benefits in situations where the system isservicing a large number of planes and/or where one or more planesrequire a substantial amount of bandwidth.

Demand-Influenced Layout:

FIG. 9B shows some exemplary alternate or adjusted spacing arrangements.As will be appreciated, in certain geographic regions the bandwidthdemands may be higher than others. For example, near large cities wherethe number of private and commercial planes will typically be greaterthan in rural regions, it may be desirable to increase the number ofGround Stations to enable more communication links over that area. Suchexamples are shown in FIG. 9B with respect to the region associated withthe Houston area (9100) and the Dallas-Fort Worth area (9200). Asreflected in the figures, in such areas additional Ground Stations havebeen added. The number of Ground Stations can also be modified toaccount for greater bandwidth demands in regions where planes in thearea are expected to be greater than in other regions. For example, nearCollage Station Tex., the home of Texas A&M University, the technicalskills and demands of those traveling in planes in the area may be suchthat additional Ground Stations would be warranted, as compared togeographic areas associated with lesser institutions of learning.

In addition to considering local bandwidth demands, the location andspacing of Ground Stations may be adjusted to account for expected airtraffic paths. This is generally reflected by 9300 depicted in FIG. 9Bwhich corresponds to a path of heavy commercial traffic across the stateof Texas.

Still further, the location and spacing of Ground Stations may beadjusted to account for geographic and political boundaries. Forexample, if the region to be served is intended to be focused on aspecific political area (e.g., the United States) it may be undesirableto have a Ground Station located in a foreign country. As such, GroundStations that—if regular spacing intervals were to be used—would beoutside the country to be served, could be moved to be within theboundaries of the country. This is shown in FIG. 9B with respect to theunfilled circles and their adjacent filled circles which reflect theadjusted positioning of a Ground Station with respect to an otherwiseregular grid layout. Still further, geographic and/or political concerns(e.g., mountains, lakes, sensitive environmental areas, access toavailable property, etc.) may influence the location and positioning ofGround Stations.

Although not explicitly reflected in the preceding figures, it should beunderstood that all of the Ground Stations may be capable ofcommunicating (via their respective Ground Station Control units) withthe other Ground Station Control units in the system. Additionally, oralternatively, the Ground Station control units may also be capable ofcommunicating with one or more Central System Control Units. The (oreach) Central System Control Unit may take the form of a computercapable of providing control and operating instructions and data to thevarious Ground Stations to control the manner in which the variousGround Stations communicate with the Air Stations in the system toensure that planes traveling through the region serviced by the system(and therefore devices within such planes) are provided with highbandwidth communications, for example Internet communications.

Additionally, while not illustrated in FIG. 9A or 9B, it is possible incertain embodiments to position one or more Ground Stations on thewater. Such stations could be positioned on floating structures and/orpermanent or semi-permanent structures, such as floating oil wells,fixed or floating offshore platforms, or on temporarily positionedstructures.

Enabling Bidirectional Communications Between an Air Station and One orMore Ground Stations:

As described above, the present system is intended to enable theprovision of massive bandwidth to the planes served by the system. Onemanner in which this can be done is by permitting the establishment ofmultiple communication links between each plane and the ground. This canbe accomplished by configuring the system such that each plane iscapable of establishing bi-directional communication links between eachair antenna in each air station and a ground station, where each of theground stations with which each antenna is in communication aredifferent. In this manner, the total bandwidth available to the planewill be the sum of the bandwidths available from each independentcommunication channel.

FIGS. 10A-10B generally illustrate the manner in which the describedsystem may be controlled to enable high bandwidth communications to anexemplary plane 10000. For purposes of this example, it is assumed thateach Air Station includes six (6) ARAAs and each Ground Station includessixteen (16) GRAAs.

At an initial time, reflected in FIG. 10A, the plane 10000 may belocated at a given region of the space above the system. At such alocation, the Air Station on the plane may wish to engage incommunications with the system.

In accordance with one exemplary embodiment, each Air Station in thesystem will be provided with an updatable table that reflects thegeographical location of each ground station in the system (at least forthe geographical space over which the plane containing the Air Stationmay travel). The table may also include for each ground station one orboth of: (a) an initial preferred Ground Station Command Frequency forcommunication with each Ground Station (or for Ground Stations withGRAAs that support multi-simultaneous frequency transmission/reception,multiple initially preferred frequencies); or (b) a list of a pluralityof initially preferred Ground Station Command Frequencies. In oneexemplary embodiment, each Air Station will maintain a table thatassociates each available Ground Station with: (i) the geographic regionassociated with that Ground Station and (ii) a list of ten (10)available Ground Station Command Frequencies for that Ground Station,with the frequency at the beginning of the list being the most preferredinitial Ground Station Command Frequency. In such an embodiment, thelist can rank available command frequencies from most preferred to leastpreferred, with the list being updated on a regular basis to reflect thedetection of noise or interference in the geographic area associatedwith the Ground Station.

The table of initially preferred Ground Station Command Frequencies maybe initially provided to each Air Station, and updated, during a periodwhen ground-based or wired communications with the Air Station areenabled, such as when the plane containing the Air Station is located ata hanger and has ground-based wired or wireless Internet access.Additionally, or alternatively, the table may be updated throughcommunications with one or more Ground Stations as the Air Stationtravels through the sky.

The initially preferred Command Frequency or Frequencies for each GroundStation may be selected in a variety of ways. Such initially preferredfrequency/frequencies may be selected to avoid interference and/or toachieve other desired operating efficiencies. Various approaches fordetermining the frequencies to be used are described below.

Initial Frequency Assignment:

In one embodiment, each Ground Station will be assigned an initiallypreferred communication frequency. This embodiment may be used, forexample, when the operator of the system has obtained a license to usethe specific preferred frequency in that region and there is littlepotential that use of the frequency will be subject to, or cause,interference with other radio signals in the region.

In another embodiment, each Ground Station may be assigned an initialControl Frequency based on the past communications involving that GroundStation. In this example, the past history of the Ground Station'scommunication with Air Stations will be considered and the frequenciesat which the least interference was detected will be selected aspotential initial Control Frequencies will be determined. Suchfrequencies will be available as initial Ground Station CommandFrequencies and the frequency with the least interference will beassigned as the initial Ground Station Command Frequency.

Adjustment of Frequencies Based on Frequency Performance Protocol:

In yet a further alternate embodiment, the initially preferred frequencyused by a Ground Station for may be determined by each Ground Station ona regular basis through use of the frequency interference protocoldiscussed above. In such embodiments, each Ground Station may beprovided with a test communication device within its region to performthe frequency performance protocol on a regular basis and update itspreferred initial frequency based on the results of performing theprotocol. Such embodiments are useful when specific frequencies havebeen allocated to the operator of the system and the operator elects tooperate at available frequencies, within an approved band, at low power.In such embodiments, each Ground Station may communicate with the otherGround Stations (either directly, or through indirect links) or with theCentral System Control Unit to update the preferred initial frequencyfor that Ground Station.

Knowing its own geographical location, and possessing a table enablingidentification of the available Ground Stations in its area and theinitial preferred frequency for communications with those GroundStations, the plane 10000 may determine the ARAA that covers the regionbelow the plane where one available Ground Station is located and, usingthat ARAA, send a communication requesting the establishment of acommunications link. A GRAA associated with the region of the sky inwhich the Air Station is located within the targeted Ground Station maythen receive the signal and establish a communication link between thetargeted Ground Station and the Air Station within the plane. Note thatin establishing such a communication link, the Ground Station may informthe Air Station that an alternate frequency should be used, and theGround Station and the Air Station can then configure their respectiveSDRs to operate at the new desired frequency. Note that once acommunication link is established, it can then be passed between theGRAAs and ARAAs used to establish the initial link and, thereafter, toGRAAs in a different Ground Station to provide continuous high bandwidthcommunications between the plane and the system as the plane travelsacross the geographical area serviced by the system.

Because each Air Station can communicate with a number of differentground stations, it is preferred that each air station's communicationsalways be supported by at least two different ground stations In suchembodiments, a plane desiring to communicate with the system willinitially attempt to establish a communication link between the AirStation on the plane and at least two different Ground Stations. Such anapproach will both provide an initial high bandwidth for communicationsand will also provide a path for communications if there is a problemwith one of the Ground Stations or one of the ARAAs within the AirStation. This approach is generally reflected by FIG. 10A, where the AirStation in plane 10000 is illustrated as having establishedcommunication links with two Ground Stations (12000 and 1300).

In one embodiment, the communication links established by the AirStation in plane 10000 will both be at initial frequency (which may bethe same frequency) and utilize the same bandwidth about that frequencyfor communication. For the initial communications, the bandwidth aboutthe selected frequency may, to conserve bandwidth and power, be ofminimum bandwidth.

The ability of an air station to simultaneously support communicationlinks with more than one different ground station allows for adjustmentof the number of communication links supported by the air station, suchthat the bandwidth available to the plane can be increased or decreasedas needed. For example, if the minimum bandwidth is insufficient toenable the level of communications desired by the Air Station, the AirStation, in communication with the Ground Stations involved in thelinks, may request that the bandwidth be increased to an intermediatebandwidth. If the intermediate bandwidth is still insufficient toprovide the desired level of communications, the Air Station and GroundStation may together adjust the SDRs involved in the communications tooperate at an even higher bandwidth. These increases may continue up tothe point of utilizing all available bandwidth.

In one exemplary embodiment, in the event that the increase of thefrequency bandwidth as described does not permit the two establishedlinks to provide the level of communications desired by the air stationon plane 10000, and both the Air Station on plane 10000 and the GroundStations with which it is communicating are capable of implementingsimultaneous dual-frequency communications, the Air Station and theGround Stations with which it is communicating may then configure theSDRs involved in the communication to establish single frequencycommunication links with two additional Ground Stations before beginningproviding dual frequency communications. When implemented, this approachwould then potentially double the available bandwidth available to theAir Station as there would now be four communication links between theAir Station and the Ground Station. This is reflected generally, in FIG.10B, where the Air Station within plane 10000 is shown as havingestablished communication links with Ground Stations 12000, 13000, 14000and 15000.

In an alternate exemplary embodiment, in the event that the increase ofthe frequency bandwidth as described does not permit the two establishedlinks to provide the level of communications desired by the air stationon plane 10000, and both the Air Station on plane 10000 and the GroundStations with which it is communicating are capable of implementingsimultaneous dual-frequency communications, the Air Station and theGround Stations with which it is communicating may then configure theSDRs involved in the communication to begin providing dual frequencycommunications before establishing single-frequency communications withadditional Ground Stations. When implemented, this approach wound thenwould potentially double the available bandwidth available to the AirStation as there would not be two communication links (one at eachfrequency of communication) between the Air Station and the GroundStation.

In the embodiments above, where the transition is made fromcommunications between an Air Station and two Ground Stations tocommunications between an Air Station and four Ground Stations (oralternatively from single frequency communications to dual frequencycommunications) the frequency bandwidth for each communication link(which would have been at the maximum frequency bandwidth) can beautomatically reduced to an intermediate frequency bandwidth level. Inalternate embodiments, the bandwidth can remain at the maximum frequencybandwidth level after the transition, but the Air Station and GroundStation can then determine if the communication needs of the Air Stationcan be met with a lower frequency bandwidth and, if so, reduce thefrequency bandwidth. In general, the frequency bandwidth should be assmall as possible to adequately support the desired communications.

If the example where single frequency links are established before anydual frequency links are established, if the transition to communicationlinks between the Air Station and four Ground Stations dual frequencycommunications across the communication links between the Air Station onplane 10000 and Ground Stations 12000 and 13000 still does not provideenough communication bandwidth to support the communications desired bythe Air Station on plane 10000, the Air Station may cause two of theARAAS in the Air Station to send transmissions to additional GroundStations to establish still additional communication links. This wouldresult in the establishment of six single-frequency links with sixdifferent Ground Stations.

In the example where six single frequency communication links areestablished, if additional bandwidth is desired and dual-frequencycommunications are available, one or more, or pairs, of the singlefrequency communication links can be converted to dual-frequency linksas needed.

The Air Station and involved Ground Stations can then communicate to setthe necessary frequency bandwidths, the need for single or dualfrequency transmissions, and to provide the desired communicationbandwidth to the Air Station. In the event that the bandwidth availablefrom the addition communication links is exceeded, the Air Station andGround Station can request still additional communication links up tothe point that all of the ARAAs in the Air Station are fully utilized.

It should be noted that the example of FIGS. 10A and 10B shows the plane10000 in the same location. It will be appreciated that theestablishment and adjustment of the various communication links will beoccurring as the plane travels across the geographical space and thatthe communication links at issue will actually be transitioning betweenARAAs within the Air Station, between GRAAs within the initiallyinvolved Ground Stations and between multiple Ground Stations as theplane traverses geographical space.

As described above, in the various examples described above, the GroundStations will cooperate with Air Stations in planes to provide highbandwidth communications with the Air Stations including a plurality ofARAAs and the Air Stations can then, in turn, use devices such ascommunication device 6500 to enable communication devices (e.g.,laptops, smart phones) within the plane to utilize the availablebandwidth. Alternate embodiments are envisioned, however, where theGround Stations and Air Stations are simplified to enable theestablishment of a cost-effective system.

The availability of a number of high bandwidth communication linksprovided by the system disclosed herein allows for efficient control ofthe data provided to/or received from each of the ARAAs and, in turn,each of the individual devices within the cabin of a plane.

Thus, for example, by having multiple Ground Stations available toservice each of the airplanes in the space covered by the system,high-bandwidth links can be dynamically allocated to particular planeswith high demand and low bandwidth communication links can bedynamically allocated to other planes to provide on-demand Internetservice. In this manner bandwidth adjustments can be made on aplane-by-plane basis.

The system further permits efficient control of the multiplecommunication links established for a given plane. For example, if thewireless devices within the plane are transmitting and receiving data atroughly the same level, then it may be appropriate to distribute thebandwidth of the communications equally across the various communicationlinks then in use. However, if it is determined that many of the devicesare engaged in significant streaming activity (such that the upload ofdata to the ARAAs and then to the communicating devices) is dominant,then it may be optimal to devote one or more of the communicationchannels solely to the streaming uplink of data from a GRAA to an ARAA.Doing so, may permit more efficient compression and transmission of dataas the dedicated links can be used solely (primarily) for one type ofdata transmission. By using such an approach, the transmission of datafrom an ARAA to a GRAA (which would otherwise potentially interrupt thestreaming transmission of data from a GRAA to an ARAA as it wouldrequire use of the link to transmit data from the ARAA to the GRAA) canbe directed to an alternative communication link and the communicationlinks used for streaming can continue to be used primarily (orexclusively) over a given period, for the transmission of data to one ormore ARAAs in the Air Station.

The above is but one example of the alternative approaches enabled bythe disclosed system. Others as may be apparent to those ordinarilyskilled in the arts when presented with this disclosure are envisioned.

In terms of the network architecture, any of the known network mediasand transports may be used in this application. Without limitation, thismay include the Internet Protocol as is used throughout the Internet;packet relay technology; asynchronous transfer mode (ATM); frame relay;circuit switching; or any other technology that is practicable.

Selecting an upcoming GRAA while the airplane containing an ARAA ismoving will need to be done rapidly. The airplane may select an upcomingGRAA through the use of signal strength and bandwidth availability,which may be signaled through a command/control signal from the GRAA.This may be sent to individual aircraft that identify themselves to theGRAA, or they may be broadcast for all receivers to make decisions basedupon the information they contain.

A fairness algorithm may be implemented so that congested Ground Stationmay not be selected even though an aircraft is very close to it and theGRAA has the best signal strength. For example when a small aircraftwith few devices on it needing Internet access is close to a GroundStation at the same time that a large aircraft with hundreds of deviceson it is further away from the same GRAA, the GRAA may determine thatits capabilities are best used by devoting itself to serving the largeraircraft. The GRAA may then signal to the smaller aircraft to find analternative Ground Station, even if the alternative has poorer signalstrength.

When an airplane is moving between one GRAA and another, it will startto lose the signal from the previous GRAA and will need to acquire asignal from a next GRAA. During this transition, it is desirable to notlose any signals transmitted to or from the stations. As noted, theairplane may be receiving signals from other (upcoming) GRAAs and mayselect one based upon signal strength, congestion, and possibly otherdeterminations. In one embodiment, if the airplane is activelytransmitting signals to destinations on the Internet, it may duplicatethese signals and send them to the active GRAA and any other GroundStation receiver capable of receiving them. This may be done before theairplane establishes a link to that GRAA. In this embodiment, the GRAAshould receive those signals and send them to their intendeddestinations. In the Internet Protocol, it is known that duplication ofpackets may occur, and they may be properly handled by a receiver. Whilethis may incur additional bandwidth usage in the backhaul network, itmay be preferable to do this so that handoffs are not disruptive.

As will be appreciated from a review of this disclosure, the exemplarysystems described herein can supply massive communication bandwidth tothe sky with a limited number of allocated frequencies and minimalground and airplane hardware. Thus, for example, if a Ground Station hastwenty-five (25) GRAAs (and therefore 25 directional antenna) eachGround Station could communicate at any given time with up totwenty-five Air Stations (and thus 25 different airplanes on a firstfrequency and, if dual-frequency communications were enabled, to anothertwenty-five (25) Air Stations for a total of fifty (50) differentairplanes that can be supported at any given time. As another example, asystem including two hundred (200) Ground Stations (each withtwenty-five GRAAs and thus 25 different antenna) could potentiallycommunicate, using single-frequency communications, with up tofive-thousand different airplanes in the sky supported by the system.With dual-frequency communications, the number of supported airplanescould be doubled (or the bandwidth to each of the five thousand planescould be doubled). With multi-frequency communications supporting threefrequency communications, the number of supported planes (or thebandwidth to each plane) cold be tripled, and so forth as the number offrequencies supported by each GRAA at any given time increases.

The Figures described above, and the written description of specificstructures and functions below are not presented to limit the scope ofwhat I have invented or the scope of the appended claims. Rather, theFigures and written description are provided to teach any person skilledin the art to make and use the inventions for which patent protection issought. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that not all featuresof a commercial embodiment of the inventions are described or shown forthe sake of clarity and understanding. Persons of skill in this art willalso appreciate that the development of an actual commercial embodimentincorporating aspects of the present inventions will require numerousimplementation-specific decisions to achieve the developer's goal forthe commercial embodiment. Such implementation-specific decisions mayinclude, and likely are not limited to, compliance with system-related,business-related, government-related, and other constraints, which mayvary by specific implementation, location and from time to time. While adeveloper's efforts might be complex and time-consuming in an absolutesense, such efforts would be, nevertheless, a routine undertaking forthose of skill in this art having benefit of this disclosure. It must beunderstood that the inventions disclosed and taught herein aresusceptible to numerous and various modifications and alternative forms.Lastly, the use of a singular term, such as, but not limited to, “a,” isnot intended as limiting of the number of items. Also, the use ofrelational terms, such as, but not limited to, “top,” “bottom,” “left,”“right,” “upper,” “lower,” “down,” “up,” “side,” and the like are usedin the written description for clarity in specific reference to theFigures and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention or theappended claims.

Aspects of the inventions disclosed herein may be embodied as anapparatus, system, method, or computer program product. Accordingly,specific embodiments may take the form of an entirely hardwareembodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment combiningsoftware and hardware aspects, such as a “circuit,” “module” or“system.” Furthermore, embodiments of the present inventions may takethe form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computerreadable storage media having computer readable program code.

Reference throughout this disclosure to “one embodiment,” “anembodiment,” or similar language means that a feature, structure, orcharacteristic described in connection with the embodiment is includedin at least one of the many possible embodiments of the presentinventions. The terms “including,” “comprising,” “having,” andvariations thereof mean “including but not limited to” unless expresslyspecified otherwise. An enumerated listing of items does not imply thatany or all the items are mutually exclusive and/or mutually inclusive,unless expressly specified otherwise. The terms “a,” “an,” and “the”also refer to “one or more” unless expressly specified otherwise.

Furthermore, the described features, structures, or characteristics ofone embodiment may be combined in any suitable manner in one or moreother embodiments. Those of skill in the art having the benefit of thisdisclosure will understand that the inventions may be practiced withoutone or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components,materials, and so forth. In other instances, well-known structures,materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoidobscuring aspects of the disclosure.

Aspects of the present disclosure are described with reference toschematic flowchart diagrams and/or schematic block diagrams of methods,apparatuses, systems, and computer program products according toembodiments of the disclosure. It will be understood by those of skillin the art that each block of the schematic flowchart diagrams and/orschematic block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the schematicflowchart diagrams and/or schematic block diagrams, may be implementedby computer program instructions. Such computer program instructions maybe provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, specialpurpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus tocreate a machine or device, such that the instructions, which executevia the processor of the computer or other programmable data processingapparatus, structurally configured to implement the functions/actsspecified in the schematic flowchart diagrams and/or schematic blockdiagrams block or blocks. These computer program instructions also maybe stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct acomputer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devicesto function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored inthe computer readable storage medium produce an article of manufactureincluding instructions which implement the function/act specified in theschematic flowchart diagrams and/or schematic block diagrams block orblocks. The computer program instructions also may be loaded onto acomputer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devicesto cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer,other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce a computerimplemented process such that the instructions that execute on thecomputer or other programmable apparatus provide processes forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks.

The schematic flowchart diagrams and/or schematic block diagrams in theFigures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and/or operation ofpossible apparatuses, systems, methods, and computer program productsaccording to various embodiments of the present inventions. In thisregard, each block in the schematic flowchart diagrams and/or schematicblock diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code,which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing thespecified logical function(s).

It also should be noted that, in some possible embodiments, thefunctions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in thefigures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, beexecuted substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes beexecuted in the reverse order, depending upon the functionalityinvolved. Other steps and methods may be conceived that are equivalentin function, logic, or effect to one or more blocks, or portionsthereof, of the illustrated figures.

Although various arrow types and line types may be employed in theflowchart and/or block diagrams, they do not limit the scope of thecorresponding embodiments. Indeed, some arrows or other connectors maybe used to indicate only the logical flow of the depicted embodiment.For example, but not limitation, an arrow may indicate a waiting ormonitoring period of unspecified duration between enumerated steps ofthe depicted embodiment. It will also be noted that each block of theblock diagrams and/or flowchart diagrams, and combinations of blocks inthe block diagrams and/or flowchart diagrams, may be implemented byspecial purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specifiedfunctions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware andcomputer instructions.

The description of elements in each Figure may refer to elements ofproceeding Figures. Like numbers refer to like elements in all figures,including alternate embodiments of like elements. In some possibleembodiments, the functions/actions/structures noted in the figures mayoccur out of the order noted in the block diagrams and/or operationalillustrations. For example, two operations shown as occurring insuccession, in fact, may be executed substantially concurrently or theoperations may be executed in the reverse order, depending upon thefunctionality/acts/structure involved.

The inventions have been described in the context of preferred and otherembodiments and not every embodiment of the invention has beendescribed. Obvious modifications and alterations to the describedembodiments are available to those of ordinary skill in the art. Thedisclosed and undisclosed embodiments are not intended to limit orrestrict the scope or applicability of the invention conceived of by theApplicants, but rather, in conformity with the patent laws, Applicantsintend to protect fully all such modifications and improvements thatcome within the scope or range of equivalent of the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. An air-to-ground communication system comprising:a plurality of ground stations, each including a plurality ofground-based directional antennae, each ground-based directional antennahaving a beam width associated with a particular area of the sky abovethe ground station; for each ground-based directional antenna, a leastone software defined radio coupled to the directional antenna in such amanner as to enable the ground-based directional antenna to transmitradio frequency signals generated by the software defined radio and toprovide to the software defined radio frequency signals received by theground-based directional antenna; a plurality of air stations, eachincluding a plurality of air-based directional antennae and an airstation control unit, each air-based directional antenna having a beamwidth associated with a particular area below the air station; for eachair-based directional antenna, a least one software defined radiocoupled to the air-based directional antenna in such a manner as toenable the air-based directional antenna to transmit radio frequencysignals generated by the software defined radio and to provide to thesoftware defined radio frequency signals received by the air-baseddirectional antenna; wherein the radio frequency signals are comprisedof types of data, and where the air station control unit is configuredto determine at least one type of data communicated; wherein the controlunit of each air station is configured to enable bi-directionalcommunications between each air-based directional antenna and aground-based directional antenna, at any given time, the ground-baseddirectional antennas in communication with the air-based directionalantenna are all from different ground stations; wherein the air stationis configured in a first state to allow signals to be transmitted to afirst ground station, a second ground station, and a third groundstation, and receives signals from the first ground station, the secondground station and the third ground station; and wherein the air stationis configured in a second state to allow signals to be transmitted tothe first ground station and the second ground station but not the thirdground station, and to receive signals from the first ground station,the second ground station, and the third ground station; and wherein thechange from the first state to the second state is determined by the atleast one type of data sent and received.
 2. The system of claim 1wherein each air station is located within an airplane and where eachair station further includes a wireless communication device forestablishing a wireless network within at least the cabin of theairplane permitting devices coupled to the network to communicate,through the air station, with one or more ground stations.
 3. The systemof claim 2 wherein the wireless communication device is a Wi-Fi router.4. The system of claim 2 further including a radio frequency amplifiercoupled between each software defined radio and each directional antennain the air station, wherein the level of amplification is controlled bythe air station control unit and wherein the level of amplification iscontrolled to limit the power of the signals transmitted by thedirectional amplifiers in such a manner that interference with othercommunicating devices is limited.
 5. The system of claim 2 wherein thesoftware defined radios in both the ground stations and the air stationsare configured to generate radio frequency signals within the range of700 MHz. to 2.5 GHz.
 6. The system of claim 2 wherein the signalstransmitted and received by the software defined radios in both theground stations and the air stations are encrypted and compressed. 7.The system of claim 2 wherein the air station is configured in such amanner that the power of the signals transmitted by the directionalantenna within the air station are on the order of 1-5 Watts.
 8. Thesystem of claim 2 wherein each of the directional antenna within the airstation is configured to preferentially transmit and receive radiofrequency signals in a space defined by a cone having an approximately60-degree span.
 9. An air-to-ground communication system comprising: aplurality of ground stations, each including a plurality of ground-baseddirectional antennae, each ground-based directional antenna having abeam width associated with a particular area of the sky above the groundstation; for each ground-based directional antenna, a least one softwaredefined radio coupled to the directional antenna in such a manner as toenable the ground-based directional antenna to transmit radio frequencysignals generated by the software defined radio and to provide to thesoftware defined radio frequency signals received by the ground-baseddirectional antenna; a plurality of air stations, each including aplurality of air-based directional antennae and an air station controlunit, each air-based directional antenna having a beam width associatedwith a particular area below the air station; for each air-baseddirectional antenna, a least one software defined radio coupled to theair-based directional antenna in such a manner as to enable theair-based directional antenna to transmit radio frequency signalsgenerated by the software defined radio and to provide to the softwaredefined radio frequency signals received by the air-based directionalantenna; wherein the control unit of each air station is configured toenable bi-directional communications between each air-based directionalantenna and a ground-based directional antenna, at any given time, theground-based directional antennas in communication with the air-baseddirectional antenna are all from different ground stations; wherein theradio frequency signals are comprised of types of data, and where theair station control unit is configured to determine at least one type ofdata communicated; wherein each air station is located within anairplane and where each air station further includes a wirelesscommunication device for establishing a wireless network within at leastthe cabin of the airplane permitting devices coupled to the network tocommunicate the types of data, through the air station, with one or moreground stations; wherein the air station is configured to allow all ofthe devices coupled to the wireless network to send more than one typeof data through the air station to a first and a second ground station;and wherein the ground stations are configured to allow a first portionof the devices coupled to the wireless network consisting of less thanall of the devices to receive only one type of data from only a thirdground station.
 10. The system of claim 9 further including a radiofrequency amplifier coupled between each software defined radio and eachdirectional antenna in the air station, wherein the level ofamplification is controlled by the air station control unit and whereinthe level of amplification is controlled to limit the power of thesignals transmitted by the directional amplifiers in such a manner thatinterference with other communicating devices is limited.
 11. The systemof claim 9 wherein the software defined radios in both the groundstations and the air stations are configured to generate radio frequencysignals within the range of 700 MHz. to 2.5 GHz.
 12. The system of claim9 wherein the signals transmitted and received by the software definedradios in both the ground stations and the air stations are encryptedand compressed.
 13. The system of claim 9 wherein the air station isconfigured in such a manner that the power of the signals transmitted bythe directional antenna within the air station are on the order of 1-5Watts.
 14. The system of claim 9 wherein each of the directional antennawithin the air station is configured to preferentially transmit andreceive radio frequency signals in a space defined by a cone having anapproximately 60-degree span.
 15. A method of reconfiguring anair-to-ground communication system comprising: a plurality of groundstations, each including a plurality of ground-based directionalantennae, each ground-based directional antenna having a beam widthassociated with a particular area of the sky above the ground station;for each ground-based directional antenna, a least one software definedradio coupled to the directional antenna in such a manner as to enablethe ground-based directional antenna to transmit radio frequency signalsgenerated by the software defined radio and to provide to the softwaredefined radio frequency signals received by the ground-based directionalantenna; a plurality of air stations, each including a plurality ofair-based directional antennae and an air station control unit, eachair-based directional antenna having a beam width associated with aparticular area below the air station; for each air-based directionalantenna, a least one software defined radio coupled to the air-baseddirectional antenna in such a manner as to enable the air-baseddirectional antenna to transmit radio frequency signals generated by thesoftware defined radio and to provide to the software defined radiofrequency signals received by the air-based directional antenna; whereinthe control unit of each air station is configured to enablebi-directional communications between each air-based directional antennaand a ground-based directional antenna, at any given time, theground-based directional antennas in communication with the air-baseddirectional antenna are all from different ground stations; wherein theradio frequency signals are comprised of types of data, and where theair station control unit is configured to determine at least one type ofdata communicated; wherein the air station initially allows thetransmission of signals to a first ground station, a second groundstation, and a third ground station, and the reception of signals fromthe first ground station, the second ground station and the third groundstation; and wherein the air station determining that a portion of thesignals received from the ground stations consists of one type of datareconfigures the air-to-ground communication system to allow thetransmission of signals to the first ground station and the secondground station but not the third ground station, and the reception ofsignals from the first ground station, the second ground station, andthe third ground station; and wherein the portion of signals thatconsist of one type of data are transmitted from the third groundstation but not from the first or second ground stations.
 16. The systemof claim 15 wherein the wireless communication device is a Wi-Fi router.17. The system of claim 15 further including a radio frequency amplifiercoupled between each software defined radio and each directional antennain the air station, wherein the level of amplification is controlled bythe air station control unit and wherein the level of amplification iscontrolled to limit the power of the signals transmitted by thedirectional amplifiers in such a manner that interference with othercommunicating devices is limited.
 18. The system of claim 15 wherein thesoftware defined radios in both the ground stations and the air stationsare configured to generate radio frequency signals within the range of700 MHz. to 2.5 GHz.
 19. The system of claim 15 wherein the signalstransmitted and received by the software defined radios in both theground stations and the air stations are encrypted and compressed. 20.The system of claim 15 wherein the air station is configured in such amanner that the power of the signals transmitted by the directionalantenna within the air station are on the order of 1-5 Watts.